BGscope: a non-invasive, continuous, and accurate O2 AND CO2 sensing

项目总结/摘要： 血气是通气、循环和灌注有效性的主要指标 在新生儿中。美国每年有400万婴儿出生。其中，15%（约50万人） 呼吸窘迫主要是由于早产和/或低出生体重。这些婴儿被转移到 出生后立即送往儿科重症监护室（NICU），其中约有1000万人 每年进行血气检查。测量血气的金标准是有创的 血液通过连接到脐带的动脉线，通过针头 脚跟的戳（称为脚跟棒）用于毛细血管血液或通过静脉线。当动脉取样时 提供了最高的准确性，不容易执行，并造成感染的高风险;毛细血管 取样是最经常进行的程序，其后果是痛苦和高血压。 样本凝血的机会;静脉采样非常容易执行，但所有采样中准确度最低 以前的方法。因此，非侵入性的连续监测设备对于避免 血气测试的副作用氧气（O2）和二氧化碳（CO2）是最重要的 呼吸气体及其分压（PO2和PCO2）和氧饱和度（SO2） 反映呼吸功能的总体充足性。传统的O2传感器（通常称为脉冲传感器 血氧计）是基于光学分光光度技术的，并且相对较大， 早产儿/早产新生儿的肢体并因此失去信号完整性。CO2传感器（ 称为经皮CO2）通过沉积热量来检测血液中溶解的CO2气体 局部毛细血管床上在这两种情况下，血气测量都是在毛细血管水平， 无法提供黄金标准的准确性。此外，这些传感器只能 测量两种血气之一此外，这些传感器的连续操作产生热量， 可能损伤新生儿的敏感皮肤。因此，需要频繁地重新定位传感器， 并且为了传感器的重新校准需要进一步的抽血。我们的产品可无创测量 动脉血气; O2和CO2（PO2和PCO2）和SO2的分压。这是一个简单的腕带， 可用于手腕或脚踝。它不会产生热量或损伤敏感组织。它不断 高精度测量动脉血气（O2和CO2）。我们提出的装置将有助于 将NICU婴儿的抽血量减少约75%。我们将其命名为血气分析仪 scope. BGScope基于多光谱光声成像原理工作。我们的短期 目标是：（i）开发BGScope设备和计算内核，以非侵入性测量 动脉血气，包括O2和CO2的分压以及氧饱和度（SO2）;以及（ii） 进行一项初步研究，以评估家兔上的BGScope。

PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT: Blood gases are the primary indicators of effectiveness of ventilation, circulation and perfusion in neonates. Every year ~ 4 million babies are born in the United States. Of these, 15% (~500,000) suffer from respiratory distress mainly due to prematurity and/or low birth weight. These babies are transferred to the neonatology intensive care unit (NICU) immediately after birth, for whom approximately 10 million blood gas tests are performed annually. The gold standard of measuring blood gases are invasive procedures where blood is drawn through arterial lines connected to the umbilical cord, through needle pokes of the heel (known as heel stick) for capillary blood or through a venous line. While arterial sampling provides the highest accuracy, it is not easy to perform and poses a high risk of infection; capillary sampling is the most frequently performed procedure, with the consequences of being painful and a high chance of sample clotting; venous sampling is very easy to perform with the least accuracy among all the previous methods. Therefore, non-invasive, continuous monitoring devices are essential to avoid the adverse effects of the blood gas test. Oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2), are the most important respiratory gases, and their partial pressures (PO2 and PCO2) and oxygen saturation (SO2) collectively reflect the overall adequacy of respiratory function. Conventional O2 sensors (popularly known as pulse oximeters) are based on optical spectrophotometry technology and are relatively large to be placed on the limb of the premature/ preterm neonate and consequently lose signal integrity. CO2 sensors (popularly known as transcutaneous CO2) detect the dissolved CO2 gas in blood through skin by depositing heat onto a localized capillary bed. In both cases, the blood gas measurement is at the capillary level and is unable to provide the accuracy of the gold standard. In addition, these sensors are capable of only measuring one of two blood gases. Moreover, continuous operation of these sensors generates heat and may damage the sensitive skin of neonates. Therefore, frequent repositioning of the sensor is required, and further blood draws are necessary for the sensor recalibration. Our product non-invasively measures arterial blood gas; partial pressures of O2 and CO2 (PO2 and PCO2) and SO2. It is a simple wristband that can be used at the wrist or ankle. It does not generate heat or damage sensitive tissue. It continuously measures arterial blood gases (O2 and CO2) with high accuracy. Our proposed device will help reducing the blood draws from NICU babies by ~75%. We have named it BGScope for Blood Gas Scope. BGScope works based on the principles of multispectral photoacoustic imaging. Our short-term goals are: (i) to develop the BGScope device and a computational kernel to non-invasively measure arterial blood gases including, partial pressures of O2 and CO2 and oxygen saturation (SO2); and (ii) to conduct a pilot study to evaluate the BGScope on rabbits.