Assessing the Impact of State Preemption Laws

评估国家优先购买法的影响

• 批准号: 10456023
• 负责人: Sunday Azagba
• 金额: $ 58.37万
• 依托单位: PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, THE
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2021
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2021-08-01 至 2025-07-31
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10456023
• 关键词: Address; Adolescent Risk Behavior; Adoption; Adult; Advertising; Affect; American; American Medical Association; Area; Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System; Cessation of life; Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease; Code; Communities; County; Data Set; Databases; Decision Making; Dimensions; Disease; Drug usage; Electronic cigarette; Ethnic Origin; Foundations; Future; Gender; Government; Health; Health Policy; Health behavior; Healthy People 2020; Individual; Institute of Medicine (U.S.); Knowledge; Laws; Legal; Licensure; Malignant neoplasm of lung; Measures; National Health Interview Survey; Outcome; Persons; Policies; Population; Public Health; Public Policy; Quasi-experiment; Race; Reproducibility; Research; Rights; Rural Community; Rural Population; Smoke; Smoking; Smoking Behavior; Subgroup; Surveys; System; Time; Tobacco; Tobacco use; Urban Community; Urban Population; Youth; authority; base; catalyst; cigarette smoking; electronic cigarette use; evidence base; experience; indoor air; innovation; non-smoker; preempt; prevent; preventable death; smoke-free policy; substance abuse epidemiology; tobacco control; trend

Project Summary/Abstract Tobacco use remains the leading cause of preventable death, contributing to 480,000 deaths in the U.S. annually. Smoking alone causes 90% of all lung cancer-related deaths and 80% of all chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-related deaths. Another 16 million people in the U.S. live with a disease caused by smoking. Despite unknown long-term health effects, the increasing popularity of e-cigarettes (10.8 million adults are current users) is a growing concern, especially given that this is the most popular form of tobacco among youth. In recent years, there has been an increase in the number and variety of laws that preempt local public policies. Preemption occurs when a higher level of government restricts or withdraws the authority of a lower level of government to act on a particular issue, thereby prohibiting lower levels of government from enacting more stringent laws. Preemptive laws are common on a variety of health issues, including tobacco. For example, about 32 states had at least one form of preemption of local tobacco control ordinances as of September 30, 2018. The laws vary by states in many aspects, including whether e-cigarettes are included. Numerous stakeholders have concerns about the potential negative impacts of these laws. For instance, the American Medical Association, the Institute of Medicine, and Healthy People 2020 have recognized preemption law(s) as a barrier to public health. However, to date, there is no existing rigorous empirical evidence on how, or if, these preemption laws affect local policy innovation and key health outcomes. The proposed study will address these critical knowledge gaps by using a rigorous quasi-experimental design to assess the impact of state preemption laws on tobacco and e-cigarette use. Specifically, we propose an original systematic legal analysis to characterize and code state tobacco preemption laws as well as their dimensions (Aim 1), assess the impact of state preemption laws on county smoke-free indoor policy (Aim 2), cigarette smoking (Aim 3) and e-cigarette use (Aim 4). Aims 3 and 4 will also assess the heterogeneous impact of state preemption laws among (a) subgroups (defined based on gender and race/ethnicity) and whether the effects of these laws vary between (b) rural and urban communities. Our interdisciplinary team has extensive experience in substance abuse epidemiology, quantitative analysis, policy and legal research. The proposed research will address a severely understudied area with high public health significance: state preemption laws functioning as a significant barrier to public health. This is an area of critical importance, as the number and variety of preemption laws are increasing in the U.S. The results of this highly innovative study will provide timely empirical evidence and have a sustained impact in informing future decision making on preemptive policies and laws.

项目总结/摘要 烟草使用仍然是可预防死亡的主要原因，在美国造成48万人死亡。 每年。仅吸烟就导致了90%的肺癌相关死亡和80%的慢性阻塞性肺病。 与肺病有关的死亡。美国还有1600万人患有由以下疾病引起的疾病： smoking.尽管长期健康影响未知，但电子烟的日益普及（1080万） 成人是目前的使用者）是一个日益关注的问题，特别是考虑到这是最流行的烟草形式 在年轻人中。近年来，优先于地方政府的法律数量和种类有所增加， 公共政策。当上级政府限制或撤销一个人的权力时， 下级政府对某一特定问题采取行动，从而禁止下级政府 制定更严格的法律。在包括烟草在内的各种健康问题上，先发制人的法律是常见的。 例如，截至2009年，约有32个州至少有一种形式的地方烟草控制条例的优先购买权。 2018年9月30日。这些法律在许多方面因州而异，包括是否包括电子烟。 许多利益攸关方对这些法律的潜在负面影响表示关切。你比如说 美国医学协会，医学研究所和健康人2020已经认识到 优先购买法是公共卫生的障碍。然而，到目前为止，还没有严格的经验主义。 关于这些先占法如何或是否影响地方政策创新和关键卫生成果的证据。的 拟议的研究将通过使用严格的准实验设计来解决这些关键的知识差距， 评估州优先购买法对烟草和电子烟使用的影响。具体来说，我们提出一个 原始系统的法律的分析，以表征和编码国家烟草优先购买法及其 维度（目标1），评估州优先购买法对县无烟室内政策的影响（目标2）， 吸烟（目标3）和使用电子烟（目标4）。目标3和目标4还将评估 州优先购买法在（a）亚群体（根据性别和种族/族裔定义）和 这些法律的效果在（B）农村和城市社区之间是否不同。我们的跨学科团队 在药物滥用流行病学、定量分析、政策和法律的研究方面具有丰富的经验。的 拟议的研究将解决一个严重缺乏研究的领域，具有高度的公共卫生意义： 优先购买法是公共卫生的一个重大障碍。这是一个至关重要的领域，因为 在美国，优先购买权法律的数量和种类都在增加。 将提供及时的经验证据，并在为未来的决策提供信息方面产生持续的影响， 先发制人的政策和法律。