A Social Cognitive Theory of Personality and Smoking

描述(由调查员提供)：拟议的研究发展和 测试了一种关于人格和吸烟的新的社会认知理论。模型 指定构成个体基础的认知结构和过程 人们在尝试自我调节自己行为的能力上的差异 戒烟。这项工作解决了在知识方面的一个重大差距 对成瘾过程的研究，即如何识别 预测吸烟率和戒烟率的个性化人格因素。 这一理论在两项实验室研究中得到了验证。两人都探索了 三个认知要素：1)关于自我的知识结构，或 自我图式；2)对图式关联性的情景信念 归因于日常社交环境；以及c)对个人能力的评估 在这些情况下应对吸烟的冲动，或自我效能评估。这个 模型预测图式知识结构和情境信念 自我效能感是个体差异的基础，而这些个体 差异应该表现为广泛的，但又有背景的模式 高自我效能感与低自我效能感。两项实验室研究，其中 目前处于大学年龄的吸烟者将参与进来，检验这些预测。在 首先，认知人格因素被评估为个体差异。 变量。在第二种情况下，它们被实验性地操纵。因此，这些研究 旨在提供一致的证据来测试 理论。在这两项研究中，都预测了自我图式和情境 信念将解释两个自我效能感水平的个体差异。 以及人们评估其节制效果的速度 抽烟。 我们的理论确定了在未来干预中可以有针对性的认知。 因此，这项工作不仅说明了预测个人的长期目标 吸烟和戒烟的区别，也是量身定做的目标 干预措施应最大限度地惠及个别参与者。

DESCRIPTION (provided by investigator): The proposed research develops and tests a novel social-cognitive theory of personality and smoking. The model specifies cognitive structures and processes that underlie individual differences in people's ability to self-regulate their behavior when attempting to refrain from smoking. The work addresses a major gap in knowledge in the study of addictive processes, namely, knowledge of how to identify individuating personality factors that predict rates of smoking and cessation. The theory is tested in two laboratory studies. Both explore relations among three cognitive elements: 1) knowledge structures concerning the self, or self-schemas; 2) situational beliefs about the relevance of schematic attributes to everyday social contexts; and c) appraisals of one's capability to cope with smoking urges in these contexts, or self-efficacy appraisals. The model predicts that schematic knowledge structures and situational beliefs underlie individual differences in self-efficacy, where those individual differences should manifest themselves as broad, yet contextualized, patterns of high versus low self-efficacy belief. Two laboratory studies, in which college-aged current smokers are to participate, test these predictions. In the first, the cognitive personality factors are assessed as individual difference variables. In the second, they are manipulated experimentally. The studies thus are designed to provide converging evidence to test the causal elements of the theory. In both studies, it is predicted that self schemas and situational beliefs will account for individual differences in both levels of self-efficacy and in the speed with which people appraise their efficacy to refrain from smoking. Our theory identifies cognitions that can be targeted in future interventions. The work thus speaks not only to the long-term goal of predicting individual differences in smoking and cessation, but also the goal of tailoring interventions to be of maximum benefit to individual participants.