A Social Cognitive Theory of Personality and Smoking

描述（由研究者提供）：拟定的研究开发和 测试了一种新的关于人格和吸烟的社会认知理论。模型 具体说明了构成个体的认知结构和过程， 当人们试图在一个特定的环境中 戒烟这项工作解决了在知识方面的一个主要差距， 成瘾过程的研究，即如何识别 预测吸烟率和戒烟率的个性因素。 该理论在两个实验室研究中得到了验证。两者都探讨了 三个认知要素：1）关于自我的知识结构，或 自我图式; 2）图式相关性的情境信念 日常社会环境的属性;以及c）对个人能力的评估 来科普这些情况下的吸烟冲动，或者自我效能评估。的 模型预测，图式知识结构和情境信念 自我效能的个体差异，其中， 差异应该表现为广泛的，但有背景的模式， 高与低自我效能信念的对比两项实验室研究，其中 大学年龄的吸烟者参与，测试这些预测。在 首先，将认知人格因素作为个体差异进行评估， 变量在第二种情况下，它们被实验性地操纵。因此，研究 旨在提供汇聚的证据，以测试 理论在这两项研究中，都预测了自我图式和情境图式 信念可以解释自我效能感的个体差异 以及人们评估其有效性的速度， smoking. 我们的理论确定了可以在未来干预中针对的认知。 因此，这项工作不仅是为了预测个人的长期目标， 吸烟和戒烟的差异，而且还量体裁衣的目标 干预措施应使个人参与者受益最大。

DESCRIPTION (provided by investigator): The proposed research develops and tests a novel social-cognitive theory of personality and smoking. The model specifies cognitive structures and processes that underlie individual differences in people's ability to self-regulate their behavior when attempting to refrain from smoking. The work addresses a major gap in knowledge in the study of addictive processes, namely, knowledge of how to identify individuating personality factors that predict rates of smoking and cessation. The theory is tested in two laboratory studies. Both explore relations among three cognitive elements: 1) knowledge structures concerning the self, or self-schemas; 2) situational beliefs about the relevance of schematic attributes to everyday social contexts; and c) appraisals of one's capability to cope with smoking urges in these contexts, or self-efficacy appraisals. The model predicts that schematic knowledge structures and situational beliefs underlie individual differences in self-efficacy, where those individual differences should manifest themselves as broad, yet contextualized, patterns of high versus low self-efficacy belief. Two laboratory studies, in which college-aged current smokers are to participate, test these predictions. In the first, the cognitive personality factors are assessed as individual difference variables. In the second, they are manipulated experimentally. The studies thus are designed to provide converging evidence to test the causal elements of the theory. In both studies, it is predicted that self schemas and situational beliefs will account for individual differences in both levels of self-efficacy and in the speed with which people appraise their efficacy to refrain from smoking. Our theory identifies cognitions that can be targeted in future interventions. The work thus speaks not only to the long-term goal of predicting individual differences in smoking and cessation, but also the goal of tailoring interventions to be of maximum benefit to individual participants.