Mechanisms underlying age-based stereotype threat effects

基于年龄的刻板印象威胁效应的潜在机制

• 批准号: 10727593
• 负责人: Sarah J Barber
• 金额: $ 15.6万
• 依托单位: GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2023
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2023-09-15 至 2025-09-14
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10727593
• 关键词: Address; Adverse effects; Affect; Affective; Age; Ageism; Aging; Attention; Barbering; Basic Science; Behavioral Model; Clinical; Competence; Computer Models; Dementia; Dependence; Diffusion; Discrimination; Early Diagnosis; Elderly; Foundations; Future; Goals; Health; Impaired cognition; Impairment; Intervention; Intervention Studies; Investigation; Knowledge; Light; Literature; Loneliness; Memory; Mental Depression; Meta-Analysis; Modeling; Motivation; Outcome; Performance; Personal Satisfaction; Persons; Physical Performance; Physiological; Prejudice; Prevention; Process; Research; Research Personnel; Resources; Risk; Sampling; Short-Term Memory; Stereotyping; Task Performances; Testing; Theoretical model; United States National Institutes of Health; Woman; Work; age effect; brief screening; cognitive function; cognitive performance; cognitive testing; executive function; experience; healthy aging; innovation; interest; men; mild cognitive impairment; motivational processes; negative affect; performance tests; response; theories; therapy development

PROJECT SUMMARY. There are pervasive negative stereotypes about older adults’ competence, and these pose a barrier to successful aging by making older adults vulnerable to prejudice, discrimination, and stereotype threat. This project focuses specifically on the adverse effects of age-based stereotype threat (ABST). We define ABST as occurring when people are placed in situations that cause them to worry about the possibility of confirming (or being judged in light of) a negative age-based stereotype. Problematically, there is now more than two decades of research showing that when older adults experience ABST they underperform on cognitive tests, including on the tests used in clinical settings to assess for cognitive decline and dementia, and this likely contributes to an overdiagnosis of early dementia or mild cognitive impairment in older adults. ABST is also associated with poorer health, increased loneliness and depression, and greater dependency in older adults. There is a critical need to develop effective ABST interventions. In doing so, the NIH Stage Model of Behavioral Intervention Research suggests that intervention development should draw upon primary research that identifies the mechanism(s) underlying the effect of interest. Unfortunately, even though the adverse effects of ABST are well-documented and ubiquitous, there is debate about their underlying mechanisms, which poses a barrier to intervention development. Within the literature, there is currently support for two competing ABST theoretical models – namely, the executive control interference account and the regulatory focus account. In an effort to better understand ABST mechanisms, researchers have often pitted competing predictions from these two accounts against one another. However, this approach precludes the possibility that both theoretical accounts are correct, and that ABST effects occur for multiple reasons. To address this possibility, we will be the first to use a well-validated computation model (i.e., the drift diffusion model) to examine how ABST affects the component processes of older adults’ working memory performance (i.e., the domain where ABST effects occur most robustly). Within this innovative approach, predictions from the two ABST theoretical accounts do not contradict one another, and it is therefore possible to obtain support for one, or both, of them. Disentangling hypotheses from these accounts is a key strength of our approach, and this project will thus provide the most nuanced understanding to date of why ABST effects occur. Another strength of this approach is the recognition that ABST effects may not be explained by any single mechanistic account, and may instead be due to a cascade of attentional, physiological, affective, and motivational processes that together impact performance. The knowledge gained from this NIH Stage 0 (basic research) project about why ABST effects occur will directly inform future ABST intervention work. For instance, if this project’s findings support both the regulatory focus and the executive control interference accounts of ABST, then the ideal intervention should draw upon both theoretical frameworks; thus, this project sets the stage for future NIH Stage 1 intervention development.

项目摘要。对老年人的能力普遍存在负面的刻板印象， 通过使老年人容易受到偏见、歧视和刻板印象的影响， 威胁该项目特别关注基于年龄的刻板印象威胁（ABST）的不利影响。我们定义 当人们被置于一种使他们担心 确认（或根据）基于年龄的负面刻板印象。问题是，现在有超过 二十年的研究表明，当老年人经历ABST时，他们在认知测试中表现不佳， 包括在临床环境中用于评估认知能力下降和痴呆症的测试， 导致老年人早期痴呆或轻度认知障碍的过度诊断。ABST也是 与健康状况较差、孤独和抑郁增加以及老年人更大的依赖性有关。 迫切需要制定有效的ABST干预措施。在此过程中，NIH阶段模型 行为干预研究表明，干预措施的发展应借鉴初级研究 它确定了利息影响的潜在机制。不幸的是，尽管这些负面影响 的ABST是有据可查的和普遍存在的，有关于其潜在的机制，这提出了辩论， 干预发展的障碍。在文献中，目前支持两种相互竞争的ABST 理论模型-即执行控制干扰帐户和监管重点帐户。中 为了更好地理解ABST机制，研究人员经常从这些机制中提出相互竞争的预测， 两个账户互相竞争然而，这种方法排除了理论上两者都 帐户是正确的，ABST效应的发生有多种原因。为了解决这种可能性，我们将成为 首先使用经过良好验证的计算模型（即，漂移扩散模型），以研究ABST如何影响 老年人工作记忆表现的组成过程（即，ABST效应发生的区域 最强）。在这种创新的方法中，来自两个ABST理论账户的预测不 这两种观点是相互矛盾的，因此有可能获得对其中一种或两种观点的支持。解开 来自这些账户的假设是我们方法的关键优势，因此，该项目将提供最多的 到目前为止，我们对ABST效应发生的原因有了微妙的理解。这种方法的另一个优点是认识到 ABST效应可能无法用任何单一的机械解释，而可能是由于级联效应， 注意力，生理，情感和动机过程，共同影响性能。 从NIH第0阶段（基础研究）项目中获得的关于ABST效应发生原因的知识将 直接告知未来的ABST干预工作。例如，如果该项目的研究结果支持监管 注意力集中和执行控制干扰是ABST的原因，那么理想的干预措施应该借鉴 这两个理论框架;因此，该项目为未来NIH阶段1干预发展奠定了基础。