RACISM IN MINORITY CHILDREN

这个子项目是许多研究子项目中的一个 由NIH/NCRR资助的中心赠款提供的资源。子项目和 研究者（PI）可能从另一个NIH来源获得了主要资金， 因此可以在其他CRISP条目中表示。所列机构为 研究中心，而研究中心不一定是研究者所在的机构。 该项目的目标是：1）了解不同少数民族背景的儿童如何看待，解释，概念化和处理种族主义（种族歧视和偏见）。 （2）利用这一信息建立有效和可靠的工具，以发展理论为基础，衡量少数群体儿童对种族主义的看法，并对不同族裔的儿童具有显著性，（3）在旨在了解所认为的种族主义对少数群体儿童的发展能力和行为健康的影响的研究中使用这些工具，以及在少数民族人口中看到的健康和保健结果方面的B]差距。 正在寻求机构审查委员会批准目标2：制定和测试旨在衡量少数群体儿童对种族主义的看法的工具（问卷）。 一个原型问卷已经开发的基础上收集的数据，从半结构化的采访少数民族青年。 该问卷包括以下项目：1）儿童是否经历过他/她认为因种族、肤色、口音或文化而受到歧视的情况。 2)孩子对事件的情绪反应; 3）孩子的应对反应。 本研究拟以8 ~ 18岁的少数民族青少年为研究对象，采用问卷调查的方法，对问卷的效度和信度进行分析。 除了种族主义观念问卷外，还将使用修订的儿童明显焦虑量表和儿童抑郁量表（作为确定结构有效性的措施）。 这些分析可能会导致原始问卷的细化，然后可以在未来的研究中使用，以确定种族主义（作为心理社会压力源）对少数民族儿童行为健康和发展的影响，作为急性和慢性疾病病因的贡献压力源，以及它对医疗保健和卫生服务问题的影响。 将在庇护山男孩和女孩俱乐部对原型问卷进行初步试点。 额外的测试将在哈特福德公立学校系统进行（经哈特福德公立学校系统总监办公室批准）。 在男孩女孩俱乐部，一个方便的少数民族样本（即，参加夏令营的非洲裔美国人、波多黎各人和西印度群岛/加勒比海地区的儿童将被招募。 在公立学校系统中，将采购基于初中和高中课堂分配的样本。 在这两种情况下，将获得父母的知情同意以及儿童的同意。 虽然将获得一般描述性人口统计信息，如年龄和种族，但将保持匿名和保密;不会记录个人身份信息。 数据分析将包括用于子量表识别的因子分析、项目分析、项目-量表相关性、内部一致性信度（系数α）的确定以及通过相关性分析确定结构效度。

This subproject is one of many research subprojects utilizing the resources provided by a Center grant funded by NIH/NCRR. The subproject and investigator (PI) may have received primary funding from another NIH source, and thus could be represented in other CRISP entries. The institution listed is for the Center, which is not necessarily the institution for the investigator. The objective of this project is 1)to gain an understanding of the ways children of different ethnic minority backgrounds perceive, interpret, conceptualize, and process racism (racial discrimination and prejudice). 2)to utilize this information to create valid and reliable instruments for measuring perceptions of racism in minority children which will be based on developmental theory and which have saliency for children of different ethnicities, and 3)to use these instruments in studies aimed at understanding the effects of perceived racism on a]the developmental competencies and behavioral health of minority children, as well as b]disparities in health and health care outcomes seen in minority populations. Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval is being sought for Objective 2: the creation and testing of instruments (questionnaires) aimed at measuring perceptions of racism in minority children. A proto-questionnaire has been developed based on data gathered from semi-structured interviews with minority youths. This questionnaire includes items that pertain to 1) whether a child has experienced situations in which he/she perceived as being discriminated against based on ethnicity, skin color, accent, or culture. 2)the child's emotional response to the incident, and 3)the child's coping response. The present study proposal is to administer this proto-questionnaire to a sample of minority youth between the ages of 8 and 18, and psychometrically analyze the response to determine validity and reliability of the instrument. In addition to the Perceptions of Racism questionnaire, the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale and the Child Depression Inventory will be administered (as measures to be used in the determination of construct validity). These analyses will likely result in refinement of the proto-questionnaire, which can then be used in future studies to determine the effects of racism (as a psychosocial stressor) on minority child behavioral health and development, as a contributory stressor in acute and chronic illness etiology, as well as it's effects on health care and health services issues. Initial piloting of the proto-questionnaire will be conducted at the Boys and Girls Club of Asylum Hill. Additional testing will be conducted in the Hartford Public School System (upon approval from the Superintendent's Office of the Hartford Public School System). At the Boys and Girls Club, a convenience sample of minority (i.e., African American, Puerto Rican, and West Indian/Caribbean) children attending summer camp will be recruited. In the public school system, samples based on classroom assignment in middle and high schools will be procured. In both settings, informed consent of the parent, as well as child assent will be obtained. Although general descriptive demographic information such as age and ethnicity will be obtained, anonymity and confidentiality will be maintained; no personal identifiers will be recorded. Data analyses will include factor analysis for subscale identification, item analyses, item-scale correlations, determination of the internal consistency reliability (coefficient alpha), and construct validity determination through correlation analyses.