Adolescents' Exposure to Family and Community Violence

这项研究的目的是找出解释为什么一些青少年在应对家庭和社区暴力时表现得比其他青少年更差的机制。这项研究假设，暴力暴露侵蚀了家庭进程和青少年的日常经历，这些近端变量是青少年功能受损的原因。这项研究通过家庭和同伴互动的行为样本，以及14天的每日日记数据，提供了对家庭过程和持续的日常体验的深入视角。该研究还假设，暴力暴露会导致下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺(HPA)轴(通过皮质醇测量)的生物应激失调，并且暴露在暴力中的年轻人准备好激活HPA，以回应负面的家庭互动。这项研究扩展了一项正在进行的调查，在研究开始时，对有9岁或10岁孩子的双亲家庭的种族多样性样本进行了三次婚姻暴力、亲子攻击和社区暴力评估。这项拟议的项目增加了对这些暴露变量的三项评估，并将研究范围从青春期前扩展到青春期后期。六波数据收集允许 研究不同时间的连锁效应，负面家庭过程、青少年日常经历和青少年适应的反馈循环以双向方式促进暴力的可能性。反复、详细地评估家庭和社区暴力，可以测试多种类型的暴力、较早年龄的暴力以及更持久的暴力是否会导致更普遍和更有害的结果。青春期之所以成为目标，是因为必须了解与暴力暴露相关的风险如何与此时的正常挑战重合，也因为青少年成功谈判教育、社会和健康领域的能力对他们随后作为年轻人的身体和心理调整非常重要。这项研究有多个 该研究采用多种类型的数据收集，并衡量多种发展结果(行为和心理功能；对他人的攻击性；学业成就；以及高风险、危害健康的行为)。通过使用偏最小二乘潜在变量分析估计的生长曲线模型，我们检验了暴力暴露影响青少年结局的多个途径。最终可以使用对最近的、可修改的变量的关注 为遭受暴力的青少年提供干预和预防方案的信息。

The objective of this study is to identify mechanisms that explain why some adolescents fare worse than others in response to family and community violence. The study hypothesizes that violence exposure erodes family processes and adolescents' daily experiences, and that these proximal variables account for compromised adolescent functioning. The study provides in-depth perspectives of family processes and ongoing daily experiences through behavioral samples of family and peer interactions, and through 14 days of daily diary data. The study also hypothesizes that violence exposure leads to dysregulated biological stress of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis (measured through cortisol), and that violence-exposed youth are primed for HPA activation in response to negative family interactions. This study extends an ongoing investigation involving three previous assessments of marital violence, parent-child aggression, and community violence in an ethnically diverse sample of two-parent families with a child age 9 or 10 when the study began. The proposed project adds three more assessments of these exposure variables, and extends the study from pre-adolescence through late adolescence. Six waves of data collection allow for the study of cascading effects across time, with feedback loops from negative family processes, adolescent daily experiences and adolescent adjustment contributing in a bi-directional fashion to the likelihood of violence. Repeating, detailed assessments of family and community violence allow for testing whether multiple types of violence, violence at an earlier age, and more persistent violence contribute to more pervasive and deleterious outcomes. Adolescence is targeted because of the importance of understanding how the risks associated with violence exposure coincide with the normal challenges at this time, and because adolescents' abilities to successfully negotiate educational, social, and health domains are highly salient to their subsequent physical and psychological adjustment as young adults. The study has multiple reporters (adolescent, mother, father, peer), uses multiples types of data collection, and measures multiple developmental outcomes (behavioral and psychological functioning; aggression toward others; academic achievement; and high-risk, health-compromising behaviors). Through growth curve models estimated using partial least squares latent variable analysis, we examine multiple pathways through which violence exposure influences adolescent outcomes. The focus on proximal, modifiable variables ultimately can be used to inform intervention and prevention programs for adolescents exposed to violence.