Bidirectional Links between Parenting Processes and Adolescent Risk Behaviors

描述(申请人提供)：这项研究试图将人类发展的交易理论扩展到复杂的家庭系统和青少年健康风险行为领域，特别是物质使用和危险的性行为，这两组行为带有实质性的心理和身体健康风险，但日益普遍。在分析上，这项研究试图评估(1)育儿实践和家庭过程如何作为保护因素来抑制青少年参与健康危险行为，以及(2)青少年危险行为如何改变一系列家庭结构的家庭过程和育儿行为。这项拟议的研究有五个主要目标。首先，这项研究将把传统的交易模型扩展到更规范的青少年危险行为，包括物质使用和危险性行为。其次，分析将把育儿的重点扩展到以前未被探索的家庭过程领域，即家庭例行公事的规律性，以及评估父母的温暖和敌意以及父母的监督。第三和第四，分析将扩展父母的概念化，以更充分地探索复杂的家庭系统。分析模型将分别评估父母的育儿行为，常住父母和非常住父母的育儿行为，以及生物父母和社会父母的育儿行为。第五，分析将探索兄弟姐妹的作用，因为他们影响着父母和家庭中的其他青少年。这项研究将采用两项针对青少年和家庭的大型纵向调查研究的数据，一项是1997年全国青年纵向调查队列(NLSY97)，这是一个具有全国代表性的样本；另一项是三城市研究，它是低收入家庭，主要是少数族裔家庭的代表性样本。这两项研究都跟踪调查了青少年从青春期早期到青春期后期的情况。为了最大限度地利用数据的优势，将使用三种主要的分析技术：带有时变预测因子的多水平增长模型，控制家庭成员非独立性的配对多水平模型，以及兄弟姐妹固定效应回归模型。总之，这项拟议的研究试图通过评估青春期过程中这两个因素之间的相互关系，大大扩展对家庭过程和青少年参与危险行为如何共同发生的理解。青少年吸毒和危险的性行为已经变得越来越正常，但却带来了巨大的潜在的身体和心理社会成本。这项研究试图扩大我们对阻止青少年危险行为的保护性家庭因素的理解，以及危险行为如何改变父母养育和家庭过程的一致性和有效性。对青少年从青春期早期到青春期晚期的跟踪调查结果将使人们了解在成年前的中心过渡期内健康危险行为的发展情况。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): This research seeks to extend transactional theories of human development into the realms of complex family systems and adolescent health risk behaviors, specifically substance use and risky sexual activity, two sets of behaviors that carry substantial psychosocial and physical health risks and yet are increasingly common. Analytically, the research seeks to assess (1) how parenting practices and family processes serve as protective factors to inhibit youth engagement in health risk behaviors, and (2) how youth risk behaviors alter family processes and parenting behaviors across a range of family structures. The proposed research has five primary goals. First, this research will extend traditional transactional models into more normative adolescent risk behaviors, including substance use and risky sexual behaviors. Second, analyses will extend the focus on parenting to formerly unexplored arenas of family processes, namely the regularity of family routines, in addition to assessing parents' warmth and hostility and parental monitoring. Third and fourth, analyses will expand the conceptualization of parents to more fully explore complex family systems. Analytic models will separately assess parenting behaviors of mothers and fathers, and of resident versus nonresident and biological versus social parents. Fifth, analyses will explore the role of siblings as they influence both parents and other adolescents in the family. This research will draw data from two large, longitudinal survey studies of adolescents and families, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 cohort (NLSY97), a nationally representative sample, and the Three-City Study, a representative sample of low-income, primarily minority families. Both studies follow youth from early through late adolescence. In order to maximally exploit the strengths of the data, three primary analysis techniques will be employed: multilevel growth models with time-varying predictors, paired multilevel models which control for non-independence of family members, and sibling fixed effects regression models. In sum, the proposed research seeks to expand substantially understanding of how family processes and adolescent engagement in risk behaviors co-occur by assessing reciprocal relationships between these two factors over the course of adolescence. Adolescent substance use and risky sexual activity have become increasingly normative, yet carry substantial potential physical and psychosocial costs. This research seeks to expand our understanding of the protective family factors which discourage adolescent risk behaviors, and of how risk behaviors alter the consistency and effectiveness of parenting and family processes. Following youth from early through late adolescence, results will inform understanding of the development of health risk behaviors through the central transition periods leading up to adulthood.