Bidirectional Links between Parenting Processes and Adolescent Risk Behaviors

描述（由申请人提供）：本研究旨在将人类发展的交易理论扩展到复杂的家庭系统和青少年健康风险行为领域，特别是物质使用和危险性活动，这两种行为具有重大的社会心理和身体健康风险，但却越来越普遍。分析上，本研究试图评估(1)父母行为和家庭过程如何成为抑制青少年健康风险行为的保护因素；(2)青少年风险行为如何在一系列家庭结构中改变家庭过程和父母行为。拟议的研究有五个主要目标。首先，本研究将传统的交易模型扩展到更规范的青少年风险行为，包括物质使用和危险的性行为。其次，除了评估父母的热情和敌意以及父母的监控之外，分析还将把对养育的关注扩展到以前未被探索的家庭过程领域，即家庭惯例的规律性。第三和第四，分析将扩展父母的概念，以更充分地探索复杂的家庭系统。分析模型将分别评估母亲和父亲的养育行为，以及居民与非居民和亲生父母与社会父母的养育行为。第五，分析将探讨兄弟姐妹的作用，因为他们影响父母和其他青少年在家庭中。本研究将从两个大型的青少年和家庭纵向调查研究中获取数据，一个是具有全国代表性的样本——1997年全国青年纵向调查队列（NLSY97），另一个是具有代表性的低收入、主要是少数民族家庭样本——三城研究。这两项研究都是从青少年早期到青春期晚期。为了最大限度地发挥数据的优势，将采用三种主要分析技术：具有时变预测因子的多层次增长模型，控制家庭成员非独立性的成对多层次模型，以及兄弟姐妹固定效应回归模型。总而言之，本研究旨在通过评估青春期过程中家庭过程和青少年参与风险行为之间的相互关系，扩大对家庭过程和青少年参与风险行为如何共同发生的理解。青少年药物使用和危险性活动已变得越来越规范，但却带来了巨大的潜在身体和社会心理成本。本研究旨在扩大我们对阻止青少年危险行为的保护性家庭因素的理解，以及风险行为如何改变养育和家庭过程的一致性和有效性。从青少年早期到青春期晚期，研究结果将有助于了解健康风险行为在成年前的主要过渡时期的发展。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): This research seeks to extend transactional theories of human development into the realms of complex family systems and adolescent health risk behaviors, specifically substance use and risky sexual activity, two sets of behaviors that carry substantial psychosocial and physical health risks and yet are increasingly common. Analytically, the research seeks to assess (1) how parenting practices and family processes serve as protective factors to inhibit youth engagement in health risk behaviors, and (2) how youth risk behaviors alter family processes and parenting behaviors across a range of family structures. The proposed research has five primary goals. First, this research will extend traditional transactional models into more normative adolescent risk behaviors, including substance use and risky sexual behaviors. Second, analyses will extend the focus on parenting to formerly unexplored arenas of family processes, namely the regularity of family routines, in addition to assessing parents' warmth and hostility and parental monitoring. Third and fourth, analyses will expand the conceptualization of parents to more fully explore complex family systems. Analytic models will separately assess parenting behaviors of mothers and fathers, and of resident versus nonresident and biological versus social parents. Fifth, analyses will explore the role of siblings as they influence both parents and other adolescents in the family. This research will draw data from two large, longitudinal survey studies of adolescents and families, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 cohort (NLSY97), a nationally representative sample, and the Three-City Study, a representative sample of low-income, primarily minority families. Both studies follow youth from early through late adolescence. In order to maximally exploit the strengths of the data, three primary analysis techniques will be employed: multilevel growth models with time-varying predictors, paired multilevel models which control for non-independence of family members, and sibling fixed effects regression models. In sum, the proposed research seeks to expand substantially understanding of how family processes and adolescent engagement in risk behaviors co-occur by assessing reciprocal relationships between these two factors over the course of adolescence. Adolescent substance use and risky sexual activity have become increasingly normative, yet carry substantial potential physical and psychosocial costs. This research seeks to expand our understanding of the protective family factors which discourage adolescent risk behaviors, and of how risk behaviors alter the consistency and effectiveness of parenting and family processes. Following youth from early through late adolescence, results will inform understanding of the development of health risk behaviors through the central transition periods leading up to adulthood.