Food Rheology and Exercise in Aging Humans

描述（由申请人提供）：人类衰老通常与能量平衡调节受损以及体重和身体成分不适当相关。在60岁以上的成年人中，约38%超重，15%肥胖，20%体重不足，20-50%患有肌肉减少症。寻求帮助老年人保持健康体重和组成的安全有效的疗法。初步研究表明，与吃固体食物相比，摄入液体形式的食物会引起较弱的食欲反应，葡萄糖，胰岛素和瘦素（可能还有神经肽Y和胆囊收缩素）（每种食欲调节剂）的差异变化，以及下一餐食物摄入量的增加。因此，摄入液体形式的能量可能有助于体重不足的老年人增加能量摄入和体重，而摄入固体应该更有饱腹感，并有助于超重的老年人保持或降低体重。研究还表明，抗阻运动（RE）和训练影响能量平衡的调节，有助于治疗肌肉减少症。有限的数据表明，RE影响老年人对营养补充剂的饮食反应，并且当补充剂以液体与固体形式食用时可能会发生不同的反应。 这项建议需要进行三项研究，旨在更充分地记录65-90岁久坐或进行RE的人对产生能量的液体与固体的不同饮食反应，以检查潜在的贡献机制，并测试这一知识的治疗应用。研究1将对比液体和固体食物摄入的急性影响，再加上RE，饱腹感，饱腹感和喂养。研究2将通过评估液体与固体食物以及RE对饱腹感的特定胃肠道和内分泌调节因子（即，葡萄糖、胰岛素、瘦素、神经肽Y、胆囊收缩素和胃肠通过时间）。研究3是一项交叉研究，包括两项为期8周的试验，将在久坐和阻力训练的老年人中评估长期摄入液体与固体营养补充剂对食欲、饮食摄入、能量消耗、体重和成分以及研究2中列出的饱腹感调节剂的影响。记录久坐和RE老年人对产生能量的液体和固体食物的不同反应将为综合建议提供坚实的基础，以促进老年人安全有效的体重变化。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Human aging is often associated with compromised regulation of energy balance and inappropriate body weight and body composition. Among adults older than 60 years, about 38% are overweight, 15% are obese, 20% are underweight, and 20-50% have sarcopenia. Safe and effective therapies to help elderly people maintain a healthy body weight and composition are sought. Pilot research shows that the ingestion of a food in fluid form elicits a weaker appetitive response, differential changes in glucose, insulin and leptin (and possibly neuropeptide Y and cholecystokinin) (each regulators of appetite), and an increase in food intake at the next meal, compared to eating a solid food. Thus, the ingestion of energy as fluids might help underweight elderly people increase energy intake and body weight, while the ingestion of solids should be more satiating and help overweight elderly people maintain or lower body weight. Research also shows that resistive exercise (RE) and training influence the regulation of energy balance and help to treat sarcopenia. Limited data indicate that RE influences the dietary response to nutrient supplementation in elderly people, and that different responses might occur when the supplement is consumed in fluid vs. solid form. This proposal entails three studies designed to more fully document the differential dietary responses to energy-yielding fluids vs. solids in 65-90 year-old persons who are sedentary or perform RE, to examine potential contributory mechanisms, and to test the therapeutic application of this knowledge. Study 1 will contrast the acute effects of fluid and solid food ingestion, coupled with RE, on satiation, satiety, and feeding. Study 2 will document potential mechanisms to explain findings from Study 1 by assessing fluid vs. solid foods and RE on specific gastrointestinal and endocrine regulators of satiety (i.e., glucose, insulin, leptin, neuropeptide Y, cholecystokinin and gastrointestinal transit time). Study 3, a cross-over study with two 8-week trials, will assess in sedentary and resistive training elderly persons the effects of the chronic intake of fluid vs. solid nutritional supplements on appetite, dietary intake, energy expenditure, body weight and composition, and the regulators of satiety listed in Study 2. Documentation of differential responses to energy-yielding fluid and solid foods in sedentary and RE elderly people will provide a strong foundation for integrative recommendations to promote safe and effective weight changes in elderly people.