Project 5: Exploring the Fear Module of the Human Brain (pg 257)

项目 5：探索人脑的恐惧模块（第 257 页）

• 批准号: 7644881
• 负责人: arne ohman
• 金额: $ 19.14万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 至
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/7644881
• 关键词: Amygdaloid structure; Animals; Anxiety Disorders; Behavioral; Brain; Brain imaging; Characteristics; Classification; Cognition; Cognitive; Condition; Conscious; Event-Related Potentials; Flowers; Fright; Human; Individual; Intervention; Learning; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Masks; Measures; Modification; Population; Purpose; Series; Snakes; Spiders; Stimulus; Structure; System; Techniques; Volition; Work; classical conditioning; conditioning; human subject; research study; response; visual search

IpTahreticlounlagr-terermfereonbcjectioveitsofrethlaitsionpsrohiposatol icsotnoscuinoduesrsctaongdnititohne abnradinitsnemtwodoirfkictahtiaotncobnytrloelarhnuinmga. nOfhemaranwitahnd Mineka (2001) proposed that there is an evolved fear module in the human brain, which originates in roam- malian defence systems. Its characteristics include that it is (a) preferentially activated by, and easily conditioned to, evolutionary relevant threat stimuli; (b) it is relatively independent of cognition in the sense that it can be automatically activated and resists volition; and (c) it is controlled by subcortical and cortical systems centered on the amygdala. The fear module explains important components of anxiety disorder. The first part of the project uses individuals that are fearful of one animal (e.g., snakes) but not of another (e.g., spiders) as subjects in brain imaging experiments in which conscious access to these stimuli is manipulated by masking techniques. Further experiments with this population use magnetic resonance imaging and event-related potentials to examine brain responses to fear stimuli during visual search. Further work examines changes in brain activation as fear subsides after behavioral and pharmacological interventions targeting the central node of the fear network, the amygdala. The second part of the project is devoted to modification of the fear module as a result of Pavlovian conditioning, a kind of simple associative learning. In a systematic series of experiments human subjects will be conditioned to biologically fear- relevant stimuli (e.g., snakes) or fear-irrelevant stimuli (e.g., flowers ) by an aversive unconditioned stimulus. The basic hypothesis is that different measures of conditioning track the fear module and cognitive learning of the relationship between conditioned and unconditioned stimuli. These measures will be used in a final series of brain imaging studies the purpose of which is to unravel networks of brain structures related to conscious and nonconscious learning of the relationships between simple stimuli.

IpTahreticlounlagr-terrmferionbcjectioveitsrethlationpsrohiposatol icsotnosuinoduesrsctaongdnitohne abnradinitsnemtwoirfkictahtiaotncobnytrloelarhnuinmga.诺夫哥罗德 Mineka（2001）提出，人类大脑中存在一个进化的恐惧模块，它起源于漫游- 马里国防系统。其特征包括：（a）优先被激活， 条件，进化相关的威胁刺激;（B）它是相对独立的认知的意义 它可以被自动激活并抵抗意志;（c）它由皮层下和皮层控制 以杏仁核为中心的系统。恐惧模块解释了焦虑症的重要组成部分。 该项目的第一部分使用害怕一种动物的个体（例如，蛇），但不是另一个 (e.g.,蜘蛛）作为大脑成像实验的对象，在这些实验中， 通过掩蔽技术操纵。对这一人群的进一步实验使用磁共振技术 成像和事件相关电位，以检查大脑在视觉搜索过程中对恐惧刺激的反应。进一步 这项工作研究了行为和药物治疗后恐惧消退时大脑激活的变化。 针对恐惧网络的中心节点杏仁核的干预措施。该项目的第二部分是 致力于修改恐惧模块作为巴甫洛夫条件反射，一种简单的联想， 学习在一系列系统的实验中，人类实验对象将被训练成生物恐惧- 相关刺激（例如，蛇）或与恐惧无关的刺激（例如，花）由一个令人厌恶的无条件刺激。 基本假设是不同的条件反射措施跟踪恐惧模块和认知学习 条件刺激和非条件刺激之间的关系。这些措施将用于最后的 一系列的脑成像研究，其目的是解开大脑结构的网络， 对简单刺激之间关系的有意识和无意识学习。