Preventing bar violence: New directions from theory-based multi-level analyses

描述（由申请人提供）：与酒精有关的暴力是一个重要的社会和公共卫生问题，很大一部分与酒精有关的暴力和伤害发生在有执照的场所。对有执照场所的攻击行为的观察分析将使我们更好地理解酒精与攻击行为的关系，并确定酒吧攻击行为的具体方面，以针对预防方案，如员工培训、监管政策和执法策略。该研究将利用基于酒吧暴力观察的独特数据集的二次数据分析：(1)对明显的攻击动机进行分类；评估动机与(a)攻击者的性别、年龄、醉酒程度的关系；(b)是否为顾客/工作人员；(c)侵犯行为的严重程度；(d)环境因素。(2)评估第三方在酒吧攻击中的关键作用，包括(a)攻击和非攻击第三方的参与程度；(b)第三方的明显动机；(c)第三方行为与初始参与者的性别构成和醉酒程度、环境因素和事件中攻击的最大严重程度的关系。(3)通过区分以社会提议为幌子的故意攻击与因社会提议过程中的失误和错误而产生的攻击，建立社会提议相关攻击的一般模型，包括对与性提议和恶作剧提议相关的攻击进行单独和比较分析，以(a)研究初始提议与提议者的特征和陶醉程度以及与环境因素的关系；(b)就社会提议的目标作出的反应作出分类，并评估目标的反应与最初提议的类型之间的关系；目标的明显动机、性别、年龄和醉酒程度；环境因素;以及事件中侵犯行为的最严重程度；(c)探讨第三方的角色，包括第三方类型与事件是否涉及性攻击或恶作剧攻击的关系、最初提议的类型和环境因素。(4)评估事件与酒吧“热点”直接相关的程度（即事件集中在特定地点），例如，人员拥挤或工作人员监控不力的区域，或进行桌球等竞技活动的地点；评估不同热点之间的关系和(a)侵略是否被挑起；(b)事件参与者的性别构成、年龄和醉酒情况；(c)环境特征；(d)攻击的严重程度。数据包括四个层面的变量：(1)118个酒吧/俱乐部；(2)观测1334夜；(3)侵略事件1058起；(4) 2700名顾客和806名工作人员涉及暴力事件。多层次分析将用于允许变量之间的关系进行检查，同时控制更高层次的关系。公共卫生相关性：本研究结果将适用于多种实际应用，例如：(1)通过纳入与明显动机相关的知识以及这些动机与赞助人和环境特征的关系，管理第三方的影响以及社会提议与攻击之间的关系，加强员工预防攻击的培训计划；(2)为青少年和青年提供教育方案，告知他们如何以不会升级为暴力的方式提出和回应社会建议；(3)为酒吧老板提供信息材料，指导他们如何设计和管理场所，以减少与热点和顾客醉酒相关的风险；(4)制定监管和执法方法，以消除或尽量减少与培训不足的员工或环境热点相关的侵犯行为。本研究还将通过识别影响自然发生的攻击行为的明显动机，为未来的控制实验研究提供方向，并开发一种适用于性暗示和恶作剧暗示的社会暗示相关攻击的模型和分类。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Alcohol-related violence is an important social and public health problem, and a substantial proportion of alcohol-related violence and injury occurs in licensed premises. Analyses of observations of aggression in licensed premises will allow us to better understand the alcohol-aggression relationship and identify specific aspects of barroom aggression for targeting prevention programs such as staff training, regulatory policies and enforcement strategies. The proposed research will use secondary data analyses of a unique data set based on observations of bar violence to: (1) Categorize apparent motives for aggression; assess the relationship of motives with (a) the aggressor's gender, age, level of intoxication; (b) whether patron/staff, (c) severity of aggression; (d) environmental factors. (2) Assess the critical role of third parties in barroom aggression, including (a) the extent of involvement of aggressive and nonaggressive third parties; (b) the apparent motives of third parties; (c) the relationship of third party behavior with the gender composition and intoxication level of initial participants, environmental factors and maximum severity of aggression in the incident. (3) Develop a general model of social overture-related aggression by differentiating intentional aggression done in the guise of a social overture from aggression that develops from miscues and mistakes in the social overture process, including separate and comparative analyses of aggression related to sexual and horseplay overtures to (a) examine the relationship of initial overtures with characteristics and intoxication level of the person making the overture and with environmental factors; (b) develop a taxonomy of responses by targets of social overtures and assess the relationship of the target's response with type of initial overture; apparent motives, gender, age and intoxication of target; environmental factors; and maximum severity of aggression in the incident; (c) explore the role of third parties including the relationship of type of third party with whether incident involved sexual or horseplay aggression, type of initial overture and environmental factors. (4) Assess the extent that incidents can be linked directly to "hotspots" in the bar (i.e., clustering of incidents in particular locations), for example, areas that are crowded or poorly monitored by staff or are the location for competitive activities such as pool playing; Assess the relationship between different hotspots and (a) whether aggression was provoked; (b) gender composition, age and intoxication of participants in incident; (c) environmental characteristics; and (d) severity of aggression. The data include variables at four levels: (1) 118 bars/clubs; (2) 1334 nights of observation; (3) 1058 incidents of aggression; (4) 2700 patrons and 806 staff involved in aggressive incidents. Multi-level analyses will be used to allow for relationships between variables to be examined while controlling for higher level relationships. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: Findings from this research will be applicable to a variety of practical applications, such as: (1) enhancing staff training programs in preventing aggression by incorporating knowledge related to apparent motives and how these motives relate to patron and environmental characteristics, managing the impact of third parties, and the relationship between social overtures and aggression; (2) educational programs for adolescents and young adults that inform them about making and responding to social overtures in ways that do not escalate to violence; (3) informational materials for bar owners on how to design and manage premises in ways that reduce risks related to hotspots and intoxication of patrons; (4) developing regulatory and enforcement approaches to eliminate or minimize aggression related to poorly-trained staff or environmental hotspots. This research will also provide directions for future controlled experimental research by identifying apparent motives that influence naturally-occurring aggression and developing a model and taxonomy for social overture-related aggression that applies to both sexual and horseplay overtures.