Preventing bar violence: New directions from theory-based multi-level analyses

预防酒吧暴力：基于理论的多层次分析的新方向

• 批准号: 8027763
• 负责人: Kathryn Marie Graham
• 金额: $ 25.17万
• 依托单位: CENTRE FOR ADDICTION AND MENTAL HEALTH
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2009
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2009-03-10 至 2013-02-28
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8027763
• 关键词: Address; Adolescent; Age; Aggressive behavior; Alcohols; Area; Behavior; Books; Characteristics; Code; Coercion; Collection; Crime; Crowding; Data; Data Analyses; Data Set; Development; Environmental Risk Factor; Evaluation; Facial Expression; Floor; Funding; Future; Gender; Goals; Health; Hour; Individual; Intoxication; Journals; Justice; Knowledge; Licensing; Link; Location; Measures; Modeling; Monitor; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism; Nature; Participant; Peer Review; Persons; Play; Policies; Prevention; Prevention program; Preventive Intervention; Process; Public Health; Publishing; Randomized; Regulation; Research; Risk; Risk Reduction; Role; Running; Severities; Staff Development; Taxonomy; Theoretical model; Time; Training; Training Programs; Typology; Violence; Violent injury; Visit; Work; aggression prevention; alcohol effect; base; body language; comparative; design; global environment; intervention effect; offender; practical application; prevent; programs; public drinking; research study; response; sex; social; social model; theories; young adult

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Alcohol-related violence is an important social and public health problem, and a substantial proportion of alcohol-related violence and injury occurs in licensed premises. Analyses of observations of aggression in licensed premises will allow us to better understand the alcohol-aggression relationship and identify specific aspects of barroom aggression for targeting prevention programs such as staff training, regulatory policies and enforcement strategies. The proposed research will use secondary data analyses of a unique data set based on observations of bar violence to: (1) Categorize apparent motives for aggression; assess the relationship of motives with (a) the aggressor's gender, age, level of intoxication; (b) whether patron/staff, (c) severity of aggression; (d) environmental factors. (2) Assess the critical role of third parties in barroom aggression, including (a) the extent of involvement of aggressive and nonaggressive third parties; (b) the apparent motives of third parties; (c) the relationship of third party behavior with the gender composition and intoxication level of initial participants, environmental factors and maximum severity of aggression in the incident. (3) Develop a general model of social overture-related aggression by differentiating intentional aggression done in the guise of a social overture from aggression that develops from miscues and mistakes in the social overture process, including separate and comparative analyses of aggression related to sexual and horseplay overtures to (a) examine the relationship of initial overtures with characteristics and intoxication level of the person making the overture and with environmental factors; (b) develop a taxonomy of responses by targets of social overtures and assess the relationship of the target's response with type of initial overture; apparent motives, gender, age and intoxication of target; environmental factors; and maximum severity of aggression in the incident; (c) explore the role of third parties including the relationship of type of third party with whether incident involved sexual or horseplay aggression, type of initial overture and environmental factors. (4) Assess the extent that incidents can be linked directly to "hotspots" in the bar (i.e., clustering of incidents in particular locations), for example, areas that are crowded or poorly monitored by staff or are the location for competitive activities such as pool playing; Assess the relationship between different hotspots and (a) whether aggression was provoked; (b) gender composition, age and intoxication of participants in incident; (c) environmental characteristics; and (d) severity of aggression. The data include variables at four levels: (1) 118 bars/clubs; (2) 1334 nights of observation; (3) 1058 incidents of aggression; (4) 2700 patrons and 806 staff involved in aggressive incidents. Multi-level analyses will be used to allow for relationships between variables to be examined while controlling for higher level relationships. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: Findings from this research will be applicable to a variety of practical applications, such as: (1) enhancing staff training programs in preventing aggression by incorporating knowledge related to apparent motives and how these motives relate to patron and environmental characteristics, managing the impact of third parties, and the relationship between social overtures and aggression; (2) educational programs for adolescents and young adults that inform them about making and responding to social overtures in ways that do not escalate to violence; (3) informational materials for bar owners on how to design and manage premises in ways that reduce risks related to hotspots and intoxication of patrons; (4) developing regulatory and enforcement approaches to eliminate or minimize aggression related to poorly-trained staff or environmental hotspots. This research will also provide directions for future controlled experimental research by identifying apparent motives that influence naturally-occurring aggression and developing a model and taxonomy for social overture-related aggression that applies to both sexual and horseplay overtures.

描述（由申请人提供）：与酒精有关的暴力是一个重要的社会和公共卫生问题，与酒精有关的暴力和伤害的很大一部分发生在有执照的场所。在持牌处所的侵略观察分析将使我们能够更好地了解酒精侵略的关系，并确定针对预防计划，如员工培训，监管政策和执法策略酒吧侵略的具体方面。拟议的研究将利用对基于对酒吧暴力观察的独特数据集的二级数据分析：（1）对明显的攻击动机进行分类;评估动机与以下因素的关系：（a）攻击者的性别、年龄、醉酒程度;（B）是否是顾客/工作人员;（c）攻击的严重程度;（d）环境因素。(2)评估第三方在酒吧间攻击中的关键作用，包括（a）攻击性和非攻击性第三方的参与程度;（B）第三方的明显动机;（c）第三方行为与初始参与者的性别组成和醉酒程度，环境因素和事件中攻击的最大严重程度的关系。(3)通过区分伪装成社交序曲的故意攻击和社交序曲过程中的失误和错误而产生的攻击，建立一个社交序曲相关攻击的一般模型，包括对与性和胡闹有关的攻击行为进行单独和比较分析，检查初始提议与提议者的特征和醉酒程度以及与环境因素的关系;（B）按社会主动示好的目标对反应进行分类，并评估目标的反应与初始主动示好的类型、目标的明显动机、性别、年龄和中毒程度、环境因素以及事件中攻击的最大严重程度之间的关系;（c）探讨第三者所扮演的角色，包括第三者的类别与事件是否涉及性侵犯或胡闹侵犯、最初的提议类别及环境因素的关系。(4)评估事件与酒吧“热点”直接关联的程度（即，（a）评估不同热点之间的关系，以及（a）是否有人挑起攻击行为;（B）事件参与者的性别组成、年龄和中毒情况;（c）环境特征;（d）攻击行为的严重程度。数据包括四个层次的变量：（1）118家酒吧/俱乐部;（2）1334个观察之夜;（3）1058起攻击事件;（4）2700名顾客和806名工作人员参与攻击事件。将使用多水平分析来检查变量之间的关系，同时控制更高水平的关系。公共卫生相关性：本研究的发现将可应用于各种实际应用，例如：（1）通过纳入与明显动机相关的知识以及这些动机如何与顾客和环境特征相关，管理第三方的影响，以及社会主动性与攻击之间的关系，加强员工预防攻击的培训计划;（2）针对青少年和年轻人的教育方案，告知他们如何以不升级为暴力的方式作出和应对社会主动表示;（3）向酒吧业主提供信息材料，说明如何设计和管理场所，以减少与热点和顾客醉酒有关的风险;（4）制定监管和执法方法，以消除或尽量减少与缺乏培训的工作人员或环境热点有关的侵犯行为。这项研究还将为未来的控制实验研究提供方向，确定明显的动机，影响自然发生的侵略和开发一个模型和分类的社会序曲相关的侵略，适用于性和胡闹的序曲。

项目成果

Apparent Motives for Aggression in the Social Context of the Bar.

• DOI: 10.1037/a0029677
• 发表时间: 2013-07-01
• 期刊: PSYCHOLOGY OF VIOLENCE
• 影响因子: 2.8
• 作者: Graham, Kathryn;Bernards, Sharon;Osgood, D. Wayne;Parks, Michael;Abbey, Antonia;Felson, Richard B.;Saltz, Robert F.;Wells, Samantha
• 通讯作者: Wells, Samantha