Understanding delay discounting in cigarette smokers

了解吸烟者的延迟折扣

• 批准号: 8220822
• 负责人: AMY ODUM
• 金额: $ 28万
• 依托单位: UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2011
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2011-02-15 至 2016-01-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8220822
• 关键词: Adverse effects; Affect; Alcohols; Basic Science; Behavior; Cessation of life; Characteristics; Cigarette; Cigarette Smoker; Conflict (Psychology); Consumption; Data; Development; Distant; Food; Food deprivation (experimental); Future; Goals; Health; Impulsivity; Individual; Knowledge; Literature; Moods; Nicotine; Nicotine Withdrawal; Outcome; Persons; Physical Dependence; Population; Prevention; Process; Public Health; Pulmonary Emphysema; Relapse; Research; Rewards; Role; Route; Short-Term Memory; Smoke; Smokeless Tobacco; Smoker; Smoking; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; United States; Withdrawal; addiction; cigarette smoking; deprivation; design; discount; discounting; dysphoria; hazard; non-smoker; prevent; public health relevance; research study

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the United States, and substantial efforts have documented and publicized the associated hazards. Despite widespread knowledge of the inherent dangers, though, over 20% of the population still smokes. This proposal is designed to understand one of the basic mechanisms that may underlie such profound apparent disregard for one's health: delay discounting. Delay discounting refers to the way that consequences lose value when they are not immediate. Things that will happen to us in the distant future have less power to motivate us than things that will happen right away. If a person is sensitive to only relatively short-term outcomes, it is considered a form of impulsivity. Cigarette smokers have been found to discount future monetary outcomes more so than non-smokers. Recent research indicates that the degree to which a person discounts future monetary outcomes is predictive of whether they will become a smoker, and how much difficulty they will have quitting once they are a smoker. Thus, delay discounting is an important individual vulnerability characteristic related to smoking. The purpose of this proposal is to provide a basic understanding of steep discounting of future consequences in cigarette smokers. For example, despite the clarity of findings on discounting of money by smokers and non-smokers, we do not yet know the extent and generality of steep discounting in cigarette smokers. It could be that they discount a variety of outcomes more so than non-smokers, or their steep discounting could be limited to cigarettes and money, which is used to purchase cigarettes. We also do not understand the role and mechanisms of nicotine withdrawal in generating insensitivity to delayed consequences. While some limited information suggests smokers may become more impulsive during withdrawal, we do not know the extent to which this is a general phenomenon and whether it is related to particular aspects of withdrawal, like disruptions in short-term memory and negative affect. Finally, cigarette smokers are particularly impulsive with respect to cigarettes, for reasons that are not understood. We propose to investigate some of the basic features of cigarettes that differ from money (direct consumption, single alternative available) to see if they produce steep discounting by delay. The goals of this proposal are important in the understanding the maladaptive shortsighted actions of cigarette smokers, and could further the development of more effective prevention and cessation strategies. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: This project is relevant to public health because it will further our understanding of why cigarette smokers seem so insensitive to the delayed negative consequences of their behavior. As a result, we may help to develop new strategies to prevent people from starting to smoke, as well as to help them quit successfully if they already smoke.

描述（由申请人提供）：吸烟是美国可预防死亡的主要原因，并且已做出大量努力记录并公布了相关危害。尽管人们普遍知道吸烟的内在危险，但仍有超过 20% 的人吸烟。该提案旨在了解可能导致如此严重、明显地漠视个人健康的基本机制之一：延迟贴现。延迟折扣是指当后果不是立即发生时就会失去价值的方式。遥远的将来发生的事情比立即发生的事情更没有力量激励我们。如果一个人只对相对短期的结果敏感，则被认为是一种冲动。研究发现，吸烟者比不吸烟者更容易低估未来的金钱结果。最近的研究表明，一个人对未来金钱结果的折扣程度可以预测他们是否会成为吸烟者，以及一旦他们成为吸烟者，戒烟的难度有多大。因此，延迟贴现是与吸烟相关的一个重要的个体脆弱性特征。该提案的目的是提供对吸烟者未来后果的大幅折扣的基本了解。例如，尽管关于吸烟者和非吸烟者的金钱折扣的调查结果很明确，但我们尚不清楚吸烟者大幅折扣的程度和普遍性。可能是他们比不吸烟者对各种结果的折扣更大，或者他们的大幅折扣可能仅限于香烟和用于购买香烟的金钱。我们也不了解尼古丁戒断在产生对延迟后果不敏感方面的作用和机制。虽然一些有限的信息表明吸烟者在戒断期间可能会变得更加冲动，但我们不知道这种现象在多大程度上是一种普遍现象，也不知道它是否与戒断的特定方面有关，例如短期记忆破坏和负面情绪。最后，吸烟者对香烟特别冲动，其原因尚不清楚。我们建议调查香烟不同于金钱的一些基本特征（直接消费，可用单一替代品），看看它们是否会因延迟而产生大幅折扣。该提案的目标对于理解吸烟者适应不良的短视行为非常重要，并且可以进一步制定更有效的预防和戒烟策略。 公共健康相关性：该项目与公共健康相关，因为它将进一步我们理解为什么吸烟者似乎对其行为的延迟负面后果如此不敏感。因此，我们可以帮助制定新的策略来防止人们开始吸烟，并帮助他们在已经吸烟的情况下成功戒烟。