Developmental Pathways of Violence and Substance Use in a High Risk Sample

 描述（由申请人提供）：这是一项多方法，纵向研究的发展途径暴力/受害和物质使用（VVSU）作为枪支暴力的风险，在一个样本的特点是高产前和产后风险。母婴二对（n = 216）最初在出生时招募与产前可卡因暴露相关的发育结果的研究。该样本非常适合于检查VVSU的发展途径，因为产前和产后风险的积累以及在婴儿期开始的关键时间点使用观察，生理，母亲，儿童和教师报告措施关注的发展机制。目前的应用程序检查导致携带武器，帮派参与，并在青春期后期共同发生VVSU的发展途径。本申请的一个主要重点是解释这种风险的发育机制。一个主要的机制是通过反应性攻击途径与产前和围产期风险和暴露于暴力预测VVSU在青春期后期（15-17岁）通过高生理和行为反应性和低调节，以应对挫折， 婴儿期至学龄期;反应性攻击，认知过程，如敌意归因偏见和物质使用规范，同伴欺凌和受害，以及青少年早期父母监控不足（12-14岁），以及从婴儿期到青少年期持续的严厉养育。第二个机制是一个积极的攻击途径，早期暴露于暴力和气质无畏的婴儿期预测VVSU在青春期后期通过低良心和非规范的攻击轨迹在童年;主动攻击，对攻击和药物滥用的积极结果预期，同伴偏差，低父母监控，以及青少年早期父母对攻击的支持，以及从婴儿期到青春期都受到严厉的养育。社区风险因素的作用（例如，活动空间、高犯罪率社区）将被视为潜在的风险预测因子、中介因子或调节因子。最后，探索性分析将集中在预测弹性的保护因素，随着时间的推移，互惠协会和性别差异。很少有研究使用理论驱动的病因学模型来研究共同发生的暴力，受害和物质使用的病因学，这些模型包括从婴儿到青春期的关键风险和保护因素，使用多样化的，高水平的 风险样本和多种方法集中在发展机制，可能介导或缓和的结果。了解暴力和药物使用的这些调解和调节机制，对于了解预防性干预措施的内容和时机至关重要。这种高风险样本也非常适合推进美国国立卫生研究院的一项重大举措：了解枪支暴力的病因，包括暴力的潜在机制，暴力的认知，行为和生理决定因素，以及在多个分析层面（个人，家庭，社区）操作的风险和保护因素。

 DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): This is a multi-method, longitudinal study of the developmental pathways to violence/victimization and substance use (VVSU) as risks for gun violence, in a sample characterized by high pre and postnatal risks. Mother-infant dyads (n = 216) were originally recruited at birth for a study of developmental outcomes associated with prenatal cocaine exposure. The sample is well suited to examining developmental pathways to VVSU due to the accumulation of pre and postnatal risks and the focus on developmental mechanisms of interest using observational, physiological, maternal, child, and teacher report measures at critical time points beginning in infancy. The current application examines developmental pathways leading to weapon carrying, gang involvement, and co-occurring VVSU in later adolescence. A major focus of this application is on developmental mechanisms explaining this risk. One primary mechanism is through a reactive aggression pathway with pre and perinatal risks and exposure to violence predicting VVSU in later adolescence (15-17 years) via high physiological and behavioral reactivity and low regulation in response to frustration from infancy to school age; reactive aggression, cognitive processes such as hostile attribution bias and substance use norms, peer bullying and victimization, and low parental monitoring in early adolescence (12-14), and continuing harsh parenting from infancy to adolescence. A second mechanism is a proactive aggression pathway with early exposure to violence and temperamental fearlessness in infancy predicting VVSU in later adolescence via low conscience and non-normative aggressive trajectories in childhood; proactive aggression, positive outcome expectancies for aggression and substance abuse, peer deviance, low parental monitoring, and parental support for aggression in early adolescence, and exposure to harsh parenting from infancy to adolescence. The role of community risk factors (e.g., activity space, high crime neighborhoods) will be examined as potential predictors, mediators, or moderators of risk. Finally, exploratory analyses will focus on protective factors predicting resilience, reciprocal associations over time, and gender differences. Few studies have examined the etiology of co-occurring violence, victimization, and substance use using theoretically driven etiological models that include critical risk and protective factors from infancy to adolescence using a diverse, high risk sample and multiple methods focused on developmental mechanisms that may mediate or moderate outcomes. Understanding these mediating and moderating mechanisms of violence and substance use are critical to informing content and timing of preventive interventions. This high risk sample is also well suited to advance one major initiative of the National Institutes of Health: understanding the etiology of gun violence including underlying mechanisms of violence, cognitive, behavioral, and physiological determinants of violence, and risk and protective factors operating at multiple levels of analysis (individual, family, community).