Developmental Pathways of Violence and Substance Use in a High Risk Sample

 描述(由申请人提供)：这是一项多方法的纵向研究，以出生前和出生后的高风险为特征，对暴力/受害和药物使用(VVSU)作为枪支暴力风险的发展途径进行研究。母婴双胞胎(n=216)最初是在出生时招募的，用于研究与产前可卡因暴露相关的发育结果。该样本非常适合于研究VVSU的发展路径，因为出生前和出生后风险的积累，以及对发展兴趣机制的关注，使用从婴儿期开始的关键时间点的观察、生理、母体、儿童和教师报告测量。目前的应用检查了导致携带武器、帮派参与和青春期后期共同发生的VVSU的发育途径。这项应用的一个主要焦点是解释这种风险的发育机制。一个主要的机制是通过反应性攻击途径，伴随着产前和围产期的风险以及接触暴力，通过高生理和行为反应性和低调节来预测青春期后期(15-17岁)的VVSU 从婴儿期到学龄期(12-14岁)；反应性攻击、敌对归因偏见和物质使用规范等认知过程、同伴欺凌和受害以及父母监督不足，以及从婴儿期到青春期持续严厉的育儿方式。第二种机制是在婴儿期早期接触暴力和气质无畏的主动性攻击路径，通过儿童时期的低良心和非规范性攻击轨迹预测青春期后期的VVSU；主动性攻击性，对攻击性和药物滥用的积极结果预期，同伴越轨，低父母监督，以及父母对青春期早期攻击性的支持，以及从婴儿期到青春期暴露于严酷的父母教养方式。社区风险因素(例如，活动空间、高犯罪率社区)的作用将被视为潜在的风险预测、调解或调节因素。最后，探索性分析将侧重于预测复原力的保护性因素、随时间的互惠关系以及性别差异。很少有研究使用理论驱动的病因学模型来检验同时发生的暴力、受害和药物使用的病因学，这些模型包括从婴儿期到青春期的关键风险和保护因素，使用不同的、高度的 风险样本和多种方法侧重于可能调节或缓和结果的发育机制。了解这些暴力和物质使用的调解和缓和机制，对于了解预防性干预的内容和时机至关重要。这一高风险样本也非常适合推进美国国立卫生研究院的一项主要倡议：了解枪支暴力的原因，包括暴力的潜在机制、暴力的认知、行为和生理决定因素，以及在多个层面(个人、家庭、社区)进行分析的风险和保护因素。

 DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): This is a multi-method, longitudinal study of the developmental pathways to violence/victimization and substance use (VVSU) as risks for gun violence, in a sample characterized by high pre and postnatal risks. Mother-infant dyads (n = 216) were originally recruited at birth for a study of developmental outcomes associated with prenatal cocaine exposure. The sample is well suited to examining developmental pathways to VVSU due to the accumulation of pre and postnatal risks and the focus on developmental mechanisms of interest using observational, physiological, maternal, child, and teacher report measures at critical time points beginning in infancy. The current application examines developmental pathways leading to weapon carrying, gang involvement, and co-occurring VVSU in later adolescence. A major focus of this application is on developmental mechanisms explaining this risk. One primary mechanism is through a reactive aggression pathway with pre and perinatal risks and exposure to violence predicting VVSU in later adolescence (15-17 years) via high physiological and behavioral reactivity and low regulation in response to frustration from infancy to school age; reactive aggression, cognitive processes such as hostile attribution bias and substance use norms, peer bullying and victimization, and low parental monitoring in early adolescence (12-14), and continuing harsh parenting from infancy to adolescence. A second mechanism is a proactive aggression pathway with early exposure to violence and temperamental fearlessness in infancy predicting VVSU in later adolescence via low conscience and non-normative aggressive trajectories in childhood; proactive aggression, positive outcome expectancies for aggression and substance abuse, peer deviance, low parental monitoring, and parental support for aggression in early adolescence, and exposure to harsh parenting from infancy to adolescence. The role of community risk factors (e.g., activity space, high crime neighborhoods) will be examined as potential predictors, mediators, or moderators of risk. Finally, exploratory analyses will focus on protective factors predicting resilience, reciprocal associations over time, and gender differences. Few studies have examined the etiology of co-occurring violence, victimization, and substance use using theoretically driven etiological models that include critical risk and protective factors from infancy to adolescence using a diverse, high risk sample and multiple methods focused on developmental mechanisms that may mediate or moderate outcomes. Understanding these mediating and moderating mechanisms of violence and substance use are critical to informing content and timing of preventive interventions. This high risk sample is also well suited to advance one major initiative of the National Institutes of Health: understanding the etiology of gun violence including underlying mechanisms of violence, cognitive, behavioral, and physiological determinants of violence, and risk and protective factors operating at multiple levels of analysis (individual, family, community).