Prenatal & Environment Tobacco Smoke (ETS) Exposure: Effects on Child Regulation

描述(由申请人提供)：这项纵向、多方法研究的目的是调查产前吸烟对生命头两年自我调节能力发展的影响。由于大多数在怀孕期间吸烟的妇女也有吸烟的伴侣，因此也将检查儿童接触环境烟草烟雾(ETS)的情况。吸烟暴露与儿童后期的行为问题、品行障碍和注意力问题等一系列调节结果有关。然而，对于香烟暴露儿童的这些自我调节结果的发育途径，或者关于风险的中介和调节因素，人们知之甚少。这项研究的具体目的如下：1)检查产前和ETS暴露对儿童调节的直接影响；2)检查产前暴露与语言发展之间的联系，以及24个月时语言发展与自我调节之间的联系；3)考察父母在吸烟暴露与儿童结果之间关系的近中介作用，例如9个月和16个月时的反应性和调节，以及24个月时的自我调节；4)检查累积的家庭风险评分，包括父母教养，是否调节了香烟暴露与儿童结果之间的联系。最终样本将包括150名怀孕期间吸烟的妇女和100名没有接触ETS的不吸烟妇女，她们在产前招募，并在出生后跟踪调查2年。在2个月、9个月和16个月龄时将进行生理和行为反应和调节的评估。这些措施包括自主神经措施，如2个月睡眠期间的呼吸性窦性心律失常，9个月和16个月的情感唤醒过程中，以及对反应性和唤醒调节的观察评估。此外，将在9个月和16个月时使用生理测量(例如心率)和观察性测量对集中注意力进行评估。最后，将在24个月大时进行幼儿自我调节(努力控制、遵从性、行为问题和规则内化)和语言发展的评估。父母教养和风险变量将在每个年龄段作为潜在的风险调停者或调节者进行评估。这项研究是在发展精神病理学框架和儿童发展的交易模型的指导下进行的，强调风险的多种途径。预计这项研究将丰富我们对吸烟母亲的孩子的自我调节问题的途径以及吸烟儿童结果不同的原因的理解。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The purpose of this longitudinal, multi-method study is to investigate the impact of prenatal exposure to cigarettes on the development of self-regulation over the first 2 years of life. Because most women who smoke cigarettes during pregnancy also have partners who smoke, children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) will also be examined. Cigarette exposure has been associated with a number of regulatory outcomes such as behavior problems, conduct disorder, and attention problems in later childhood. However, little is known about the developmental pathways to these self-regulatory outcomes among cigarette exposed children or about mediators and moderators of risk. Specific aims of this study are as follows: 1) examine direct effects of prenatal and ETS exposure on child regulation; 2) examine the association between prenatal exposure and language development and the association between language development and self-regulation at 24 months; 3) examine the role of parenting as the proximal mediator of the association between cigarette exposure and child outcomes such as reactivity and regulation at 9 and 16 months and self-regulation at 24 months; 4) examine if a cumulative family risk score, including parenting, moderates the association between cigarette exposure and child outcomes. The final sample will consist of 150 women who smoke during pregnancy and 100 non-smoking women with no ETS exposure recruited prenatally, and followed for 2 years postnatally. Assessments of physiological and behavioral reactivity and regulation will be conducted at 2, 9, and 16 months of age. These include autonomic measures such as respiratory sinus arrythmia during sleep at 2 months, and during affect arousing procedures at 9 and 16 months, as well as observational assessments of reactivity and regulation of arousal. In addition, assessments of focused attention using both physiolgoical (e.g., Heart Rate) and observational measures will be conducted at 9 and 16 months. Finally, assessments of toddler self-regulation (effortful control, compliance, behavior problems, and internalization of rules) and language development will be conducted at 24 months of age. Parenting and risk variables will be assessed at each age as potential mediators or moderators of risk. The study is guided by a developmental psychopathology framework and transactional models of child development emphasizing multiple pathways to risk. It is anticipated that this study will enrich our understanding of pathways to self-regulatory problems among children of cigarette smoking mothers and reasons for heterogeneity in outcomes among cigarette exposed toddlers.