Prenatal & Environment Tobacco Smoke (ETS) Exposure: Effects on Child Regulation

描述（由申请方提供）：本纵向、多方法研究的目的是调查产前暴露于香烟对生命最初2年自我调节发展的影响。由于大多数在怀孕期间吸烟的妇女也有吸烟的伴侣，因此还将检查儿童暴露于环境烟草烟雾（ETS）的情况。香烟暴露与许多调节结果有关，如儿童后期的行为问题，行为障碍和注意力问题。然而，鲜为人知的是，这些自我调节结果的发展途径，在香烟暴露的儿童或有关介质和主持人的风险。本研究的具体目的如下：1）检验产前暴露和ETS暴露对儿童调节的直接影响; 2）检验产前暴露与语言发育之间的关系以及24个月时语言发育与自我调节之间的关系;第三章研究父母作为香烟暴露与儿童结果（如9岁时的反应和调节）之间关联的近端中介者的作用。16个月和自我调节在24个月; 4）检查是否累积的家庭风险评分，包括养育，缓和香烟暴露和儿童结果之间的关联。最终的样本将包括150名在怀孕期间吸烟的妇女和100名不吸烟的妇女，这些妇女在产前没有ETS暴露，并在产后随访2年。将在2、9和16月龄时进行生理和行为反应性和调节的评估。这些包括自主神经测量，例如2个月睡眠期间的呼吸窦心律失常，以及9个月和16个月的情感唤醒程序期间，以及对反应性和唤醒调节的观察评估。此外，使用生理学（例如，心率）和观察指标。最后，将在24个月大时对幼儿的自我调节（努力控制、依从性、行为问题和规则内化）和语言发展进行评估。父母和风险变量将在每个年龄进行评估，作为风险的潜在中介或调节因素。这项研究是由一个发展的精神病理学框架和儿童发展的交易模型，强调多个途径的风险。预计这项研究将丰富我们对吸烟母亲的儿童自我调节问题的途径以及吸烟幼儿结果异质性的原因的理解。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The purpose of this longitudinal, multi-method study is to investigate the impact of prenatal exposure to cigarettes on the development of self-regulation over the first 2 years of life. Because most women who smoke cigarettes during pregnancy also have partners who smoke, children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) will also be examined. Cigarette exposure has been associated with a number of regulatory outcomes such as behavior problems, conduct disorder, and attention problems in later childhood. However, little is known about the developmental pathways to these self-regulatory outcomes among cigarette exposed children or about mediators and moderators of risk. Specific aims of this study are as follows: 1) examine direct effects of prenatal and ETS exposure on child regulation; 2) examine the association between prenatal exposure and language development and the association between language development and self-regulation at 24 months; 3) examine the role of parenting as the proximal mediator of the association between cigarette exposure and child outcomes such as reactivity and regulation at 9 and 16 months and self-regulation at 24 months; 4) examine if a cumulative family risk score, including parenting, moderates the association between cigarette exposure and child outcomes. The final sample will consist of 150 women who smoke during pregnancy and 100 non-smoking women with no ETS exposure recruited prenatally, and followed for 2 years postnatally. Assessments of physiological and behavioral reactivity and regulation will be conducted at 2, 9, and 16 months of age. These include autonomic measures such as respiratory sinus arrythmia during sleep at 2 months, and during affect arousing procedures at 9 and 16 months, as well as observational assessments of reactivity and regulation of arousal. In addition, assessments of focused attention using both physiolgoical (e.g., Heart Rate) and observational measures will be conducted at 9 and 16 months. Finally, assessments of toddler self-regulation (effortful control, compliance, behavior problems, and internalization of rules) and language development will be conducted at 24 months of age. Parenting and risk variables will be assessed at each age as potential mediators or moderators of risk. The study is guided by a developmental psychopathology framework and transactional models of child development emphasizing multiple pathways to risk. It is anticipated that this study will enrich our understanding of pathways to self-regulatory problems among children of cigarette smoking mothers and reasons for heterogeneity in outcomes among cigarette exposed toddlers.