Characterization of the oral microbiome of patients with Multiple Sclerosis

现在人们普遍认为，组织中存在的细菌的水平和多样性会影响疾病 许多研究已经描述了各种微生物组的特征， 神经系统疾病和病症，并确定患者之间的差异， 健康对照;产生影响疾病的代谢物的特定物种;以及 表明改变微生物组可以改变疾病的进程。大多数 这些研究，包括在多发性硬化症患者中，使用粪便样本检查肠道微生物组 作为肠道植物群的替代物。然而，口腔的微生物组具有类似的 高度的细菌多样性，并开始更经常地使用，作为一种更容易的 样品的来源。在初步的研究中，我们分析了一对夫妇的唾液DNA， 单卵双胞胎MS不一致（RRMS与CIS），并发现差异 分类水平，物种差异大于30倍。在新的研究中， 法国的合作者，我们比较了12名MS患者和24名健康人的口腔生物群系。 对照，并发现在门和属的水平上的差异。我们现建议 在更大的MS患者队列中重复这些研究，使用从 非裔美国人和患有MS的白色退伍军人;并将他们的口腔生物群系与 种族、性别和年龄匹配的对照。生物群落将由标准16 S rRNA扩增子测序，并使用可用软件进行比较。我们将测试 如果相对丰度的差异可以区分MS和对照，如果 在AA和白色MS患者中存在差异。我们将对数据进行分层， 确定相对丰度是否与年龄、性别或种族有关。我们将 还可以测量产生丁酸盐的细菌的水平，丁酸盐是一种强效的抗炎剂 分子，其已在MS肠道研究中显示减少。总的来说，知识 口腔微生物组将有助于指导旨在提高水平的治疗方法 有益物种，同时减少潜在有害细菌的水平;并且可以 可能用于监测疾病进展和治疗疗效;并且可以 提供了一些线索，

It is now accepted that levels and diversity of bacteria present in tissues influence disease progression, and numerous studies have characterized the microbiome in a variety of neurological diseases and conditions and identified differences between patients and healthy controls; specific species that produce metabolites that influence disease; and shown that modifying the microbiome can alter the course of disease. The majority of these studies, including in MS patients, examined the gut microbiome using fecal samples as a surrogate for intestinal flora. However, the microbiome of the oral cavity has a similar high degree of bacterial diversity, and is beginning to be used more often as an easier source of samples. In preliminary studies we analyzed saliva DNA from a pair of monozygotic twins discordant for MS (RRMS versus CIS), and found differences at all taxonomic levels, with species differences greater than 30-fold. In new studies with collaborators in France, we compared the oral biome of 12 MS patients to 24 healthy controls, and found differences at the phylum and genus levels. We now propose to replicate those studies in larger cohorts of MS patients using samples obtained from African American and White Veterans with MS; and compare their oral biome to that of race, gender and age matched controls. The biome will be determined by standard 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, and comparisons made using available software. We will test if differences in relative abundance can distinguish between MS and controls, and if differences are present in both AA and White MS patients. We will stratify the data to determine if relative abundances are associated with age, gender, or ethnicity. We will also measure levels of bacteria that produce butyrate, a powerful anti-inflammatory molecule, which has been shown to be reduced in MS gut studies. Overall, a knowledge of the oral microbiome will help guide therapeutic approaches designed to increase levels of beneficial species, while reducing levels of potentially detrimental bacteria; and can potentially be used to monitor disease progression and treatment efficacy; and could provide clues as to the contributing causes