Places in the brain: Converging neural, behavioral, and developmental evidence for multiple systems in human visual scene processing

项目摘要 人类快速识别当地视觉环境或“场景”的能力，形成了许多人的基础。 我们基本的日常行为。在简短的一瞥中，我们从场景中提取了丰富的信息，例如 作为场景的类别（例如，“城市”），其身份（例如，“亚特兰大”），以及其他关键属性，如 它是否安全或者什么行为适合当前上下文。与此同时，我们也 提取对导航至关重要的信息，使我们能够在当地的视觉环境中找到自己的路 不费力，不费力，不会撞到墙上或被障碍物绊倒。更重要的是，我们立即 在更广阔的空间地图中实现本地视觉环境，例如，允许我们找到我们的方式 从镇上另一个地方最新的餐馆回家。但我们如何才能完成这些非凡的 壮举？试图理解人类视觉场景处理的一个有前途的策略是表征 因此，本研究的长期目标是了解 参与人类视觉场景处理的神经机制，从童年到成年，在健康和 疾病过去二十年的认知神经科学揭示了一组三个皮层区域， 共同组成了人类的视觉场景处理系统：海马旁区（PPA）， 压后复合体（RSC）和枕位区（OPA）。然而，除了建立一般 这些区域参与场景感知（即，更多的是对场景的图像而不是图像 在人类神经成像实验中的日常物体或面孔），三个基本的，但尚未回答 问题依然存在。首先，成年人视觉场景处理中每个区域的确切功能是什么？ 每个区域是否在人类视觉场景处理的所有元素中发挥作用（即，场景分类， 视觉引导导航和地图引导导航，如上所述），或者替代地，每个都具有其 自己独特的功能？第二，在神经损伤的情况下，这种功能组织是如何崩溃的？ 第三，它是如何在开发中连接起来的？本研究旨在解决这三个问题 使用各种方法和参与人群，包括功能性磁共振成像 在健康成人、健康儿童和患有威廉姆斯综合征（a）的个体中， 遗传性疾病），以及健康成人的经颅磁刺激（TMS）。理解人类 视觉场景处理及其在健康和疾病中的发展，不仅具有固有的科学兴趣， 而且有一天也可能被利用来帮助那些最终失去识别能力的人 他们的环境，并通过它导航，由于眼疾，脑手术，中风， 神经变性疾病或发育障碍。

PROJECT SUMMARY The human ability to rapidly recognize the local visual environment, or “scene”, forms the bedrock for many of our essential, everyday behaviors. In a brief glance, we extract a wealth of information from scenes, such as the category of the scene (e.g., “a city”), its identity (e.g., “Atlanta”), and other critical properties like whether it is safe or what behavior is appropriate for the current context. Almost simultaneously, we also extract information that is vital for navigation, allowing us to find our way through the local visual environment flawlessly and effortlessly, not running into walls or tripping over obstacles. What’s more, we immediately realize the local visual environment within a broader spatial map, allowing us, for example, to find our way home from the newest restaurant in another part of town. But how do we accomplish these remarkable feats? One promising strategy for attempting to understand human visual scene processing is to characterize the neural system that accomplishes it. Thus, the long-term objective of this research is to understand the neural mechanisms involved in human visual scene processing, from childhood to adulthood, in health and disease. Cognitive neuroscience of the past two decades has revealed a set of three cortical regions that together make up the human visual scene processing system: the parahippocampal place area (PPA), the retrosplenial complex (RSC), and the occipital place area (OPA). However, beyond establishing the general involvement of these regions in scene perception (i.e., responding more to images of scenes than to images of everyday objects or faces in human neuroimaging experiments), three fundamental and yet unanswered questions remain. First, what is the precise function of each region in adult human visual scene processing? Is each region playing a part in all the elements of human visual scene processing (i.e., scene categorization, visually-guided navigation, and map-guided navigation, as described above), or instead does each have its own distinct function? Second, how does this functional organization breakdown under neurological insult? And third, how does it get wired up in development? This research will aim to address these three questions using a variety of methods and participant populations, including functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and psychophysics in healthy adults, healthy children, and individuals with Williams syndrome (a genetic disorder), as well as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in healthy adults. Understanding human visual scene processing and its development, in health and disease, is not only of inherent scientific interest, but also may someday be harnessed to help those individuals who devastatingly lose the ability to recognize their environment and navigate through it, as a result of eye diseases, brain surgery, stroke, neurodegenerative diseases, or developmental disorders.