Uncovering the Impact of Diet on the Human Circadian Timing System

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Summary/Abstract Synchronization of biological processes and behaviors with the 24-hour light-dark cycle is fundamental to optimal physiology, cognitive function, and health. Because humans have, on average, a longer than 24-hour internal clock, most people must perform this synchronization process on a daily basis. An inability to adequately entrain internal circadian rhythms to the external environment, even a small misalignment, can have severe consequences including poor cardiometabolic outcomes (i.e., cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity), impaired sleep, reduced cognitive performance, and even economic disadvantage. Entrainment is believed to be entirely orchestrated by exposure to morning light, as it has been assumed that non-photic exogenous stimuli have little influence on circadian entrainment in humans. However, emerging evidence from animal models indicates that circadian entrainment to light could be hampered by dietary composition. Specifically, mice fed a high-fat diet have a 20% slower rate of entrainment to light and a longer circadian period. If these findings hold true in humans, this would challenge current theory within the field of human circadian physiology and would have vast public health implications because so many Americans consume high-fat diets. Thus, quantifying the interaction between typical dietary choices and circadian entrainment has great importance. The goal of this project is to determine if these diet-related circadian effects in rodents translate to humans. Our specific aims are to establish the impact of a high-fat diet on the: 1) rate of entrainment of the circadian system to light; 2) circadian period and the resultant circadian timing of daily behaviors i.e., phase angle of entrainment (time difference between melatonin and sleep onsets); and 3) how the combination of eating a high-fat diet and circadian phase (i.e., circadian alignment vs misalignment) impacts cardiometabolic health and cognitive function. To accomplish our aims, we have designed a randomized cross-over mechanistic study in controlled laboratory settings. We hypothesize that when individuals that habitually eat a low-fat diet are provided an isocaloric high-fat diet (versus when provided an isocaloric low-fat diet), they will take longer to entrain to a shift in the light-dark cycle, have a narrower phase angle of entrainment, and have increased circadian misalignment and associated impairments in cardiometabolic health and cognitive function. These data will provide a fundamental understanding of how common dietary patterns alter the way humans synchronize to the environment. Importantly, these data would have far-reaching implications for the large portions of society that endure: 1) travel across multiple time zones (jet-lag); 2) a need to readjust sleep/wake timing on workdays (social jet-lag); and 3) work and school start times that are too early for the natural internal clock timing of most young adults and teens. This study is important because of the ubiquity of the need for circadian adjustments and the fact that even slight effects of diet on circadian entrainment can have large effects on human health and cognitive function.