The role of CYP3A7 in the disposition and Toxicity of HIV inhibitors in the developing infant

点击翻译按钮获取中文摘要

ABSTRACT Each year sick and premature infants infected with HIV are treated with a variety of drugs, despite the fact that these drugs have never been tested for safety and efficacy in this vulnerable population. A primary determinant for the pharmacokinetic (PK) and hepatotoxicity profile of many of these drugs is cytochrome P450 metabolism. CYP3A7 is the predominant P450 enzyme in the in the developing infant (≤6 mos. Post- Gestational Age). Recently published reports and our own preliminary results have demonstrated that CYP3A7 can produce a metabolic profile significantly different than that of adult CYP3A4. These differences in metabolism can alter the PK parameters and safety profiles of many HIV drugs used in pediatric patients, leading to reduced efficacy or increased toxicity. Therefore, there exists a critical need to determine the PK and metabolic profiles of clinically relevant CYP3A7 HIV drug substrates to the improve safety and efficacy of these drugs in infants. The objective of this proposal is to determine the functional consequences and mechanistic basis of the differences in HIV drug metabolism between CYP3A7 and adult CYP3A4. Our specific hypothesis is that the differences in HIV drug metabolism are due to changes in enzyme structure which lead to substantial alterations in drug clearance, drug-drug interactions, and production of reactive metabolites. Our first aim is to develop a physiologically based PK (PBPK) model for the disposition of four commonly prescribed HIV inhibitors: ritonavir, lopinavir, nevirapine, and efavirenz. To achieve this, we will monitor drug metabolism and identify metabolites in vitro with both recombinant CYP3A7 and CYP3A4 enzymes and human liver microsomes (HLMs) from the adult and the infant at different stages of development. We will utilize the results from these studies to produce predictive PK models for the developing infant. Our second aim is to identify the CYP3A7 inhibitory capacity, potential drug-drug interactions, and reactive metabolites for each of these inhibitors. Finally, our third aim is to define the structural basis of the differences in HIV drug metabolism observed between CYP3A7 and CYP3A4. To do this, we propose to obtain an X-ray crystal structure for CYP3A7 with the substrates ritonavir and nevirapine, and perform Saturation Transfer Difference NMR to identify amino acid residues and ligand functional groups that are important for enzyme-ligand interaction. We expect that these studies will allow us to determine how structural differences contribute to the observed metabolic differences. The proposed research is innovative because it seeks to change the current conceptual framework by producing improved infant PBPK models for HIV drug disposition using HLMs, and novel crystal structures for this important enzyme. This research will improve health outcomes by improving our ability to accurately predict pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interactions of some important HIV drugs prescribed to the developing infant. Additionally, it will positively impact our ability to understand CYP3A7 HIV drug metabolism based on structure, which will be useful in the development of new drugs specifically targeted to infants.