Animal Assisted Intervention with Dogs for Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder; Exploring Candidate Physiological Markers of Response to AAI

SSCHUCK_R21_20-033 项目摘要/摘要 注意力缺陷/多动障碍(ADHD)是最常见的 美国的神经发育障碍，目前的患病率在8%到 11%(Visser等人，2014年)。循证干预措施包括兴奋剂药物和 心理社会治疗，但这些做法并不总是可行或可接受的，因为 不良副作用、费用、可获得性和不良的治疗依从性，这些儿童仍然 面临着生活结局不佳的重大风险。ADHD被认为是一种生理性的 部分儿茶酚胺能系统(如多巴胺、去甲肾上腺素)和相关的干扰 参与执行功能的前额叶皮质认知功能觉醒不足 (EF；Godinez等人，2015年)。研究表明，对狗进行人工智能是有效的 与EF缺陷相关的社会行为结果(Schuck等人，2018a；2018b)。这个 AAI改善这一群体的结果的机制及其调解人 然而，结果还不清楚。这些认识上的差距阻碍了 AAI的应用，限制了这种综合健康的可接受性和可用性 关爱实践。我们的生物-社会机制假说认为，狗引发了生理 与EF系统的唤醒相关的反应，从而增强对治疗的反应。 此外，候选人的个体差异可能会影响结果。这项工作将 通过以下方式探索这些假设：1)复制我们以前的AAI RCT的发现，2)探索 随着时间的推移对AAI的生理反应，以及3)在AAI期间是否存在个体差异 调解主要和/或探索性的主要结果。我们怀疑人工智能将导致增强 这些人的社会行为结果和改善的HPA和ANS活动的昼夜模式 孩子们。此外，我们怀疑对AAI(HPA和 ANS)和社会互动质量(儿童/儿童和儿童/狗)将调节主要结果。至 探索这些假设，我们将进行探索性的平行分组随机对照 参加心理社会干预的48名ADHD儿童的临床试验 在没有AAI的情况下，使用我们的人工AAI模型开发的AAI模型在我们之前的工作中被发现是成功的。 这项工作将产生关于候选机制的第一个信息，被认为发挥了重要的作用 在ADHD儿童人工智能中的作用，从而为开发一种完全动力的、 旨在更好地告知方法和提高可接受性的多点随机临床试验 以及为有特殊需要的儿童提供人工智能。 犬只对注意缺陷/多动障碍儿童的动物辅助干预 探索对AAI反应的候选生理标记

SSCHUCK_R21_20-033 PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is the most commonly occurring neurodevelopmental disorder in the United States, with current prevalence between 8% and 11% (Visser et al., 2014). Evidence-based interventions include stimulant medications and psychosocial treatments but these practices are not always feasible or acceptable due to adverse side-effects, cost, availability, and poor treatment adherence and these children remain at significant risk for poor life outcomes. ADHD is considered to be a result of a physiological disruption of select catecholaminergic systems (e.g. dopamine, norepinephrine) and related under-arousal of cognitive functions of the pre-frontal cortex involved in executive functioning (EF; Godinez et al., 2015). Research indicates that AAI with dogs is effective for improving social-behavioral outcomes related to EF deficits (Schuck, et al., 2018a; 2018b). The mechanisms by which AAI improves outcomes for this group and mediators of these outcomes, however, is not yet understood. These gaps in understanding hinder progress in the application of AAI, and limit the acceptability and availability of this integrative health care practice. Our bio-social mechanistic hypothesis contends that dogs elicit physiological responses related to arousal of EF systems, thereby enhancing response to treatments. Furthermore, candidate individual differences potentially mediate outcomes. This work will explore these hypotheses by: 1) replicating findings from our previous AAI RCT, 2) exploring physiological responses to AAI over time, and 3) ascertaining if individual differences during AAI mediate primary and/or exploratory main outcomes. We suspect AAI will result in enhanced social-behavioral outcomes and improved diurnal patterns of HPA and ANS activity for these children. Furthermore, we suspect acute physiological responses to AAI (markers of HPA & ANS) and social interaction quality (child/child and child/dog) will mediate main outcomes. To explore these hypotheses, we will conduct an exploratory parallel-group randomized controlled clinical trial with 48 young children with ADHD, participating in psychosocial intervention with or without AAI using our manualized AAI model developed and found successful in our prior work. This work will yield the first information on candidate mechanisms thought to play an important role in AAI for children with ADHD, thus laying foundations for development of a fully powered, multi-site randomized clinical trial aimed to better inform approaches and promote acceptability and availability of AAI for children with special needs. Animal Assisted Intervention with Dogs for Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder; Exploring Candidate Physiological Markers of Response to AAI