Investigation of the role of Turner syndrome on approximate number sense

近似数感是一种共同的进化能力，它是人类复杂性倾向的基础。 数学健康人近似数觉神经行为相关因素的研究 人口有助于阐明计算能力如何在大脑中表现，并强调了重要的 抽象数字辨别力的行为特征可以预测一生的数学表现 （Halberda，Ly，威尔默，Naiman，& Germine，2012; Halberda，Mazzocco，& Feigenson，2008; Libertus，Odic，& Halberda，2012）。持续性神经官能症患者近似数感的研究 在数学和数字处理方面的行为缺陷，如患有特纳综合征（TS）的妇女（Hong， Scaletta肯特，& Kesler，2009年; Kesler，Menon，& Reiss，2006年; Molko等人，2003年），有潜力突出 数字处理的重要组成部分，可以提高我们对数字认知的理解， 所有（巴特沃思和科瓦斯，2013年）。虽然我们对数学和数学测试中的行为表现进行了元分析， 数字能力表明基本的数字推理技能在这一组中基本上得到了保留（Baker & Reiss，2015年），目前对近似的神经和行为相关性知之甚少。 遗传异常导致数学不好的患者群体的数字感。拟议 K99/R 00研究将通过对神经行为的集中评估直接解决这些差距。 TS儿童、青少年和成年女性的数字感觉特征。这一贡献将 实质性地推进我们对特定遗传异常对特定领域的影响的理解。 与数字认知相关的认知过程，并将有助于阐明数学差的根本原因 对于大量患有TS的女性来说，这是一种能力。这一贡献将产生多个有形的 对科学界和TS界都有好处。例如，该项目的发现将鼓励新的 以及关于患者数学缺陷发展进程的更精确的经验假设， 数字感差的人群。此外，还对网络号码的有效性进行了质疑 这一组的感觉训练将鼓励开发新的数学干预措施， TS固有的特定认知限制，但也可以推广到更广泛的人群， 与数学斗争的人。最后，由于大多数关于数值推理的研究都是在 TS已经在儿童和青少年中进行，对神经和行为的了解很少 这些过程在TS成年女性中的表现。因此，预计该项目的成果将 为女性一生中的数字认知提供新的基本信息， TS，并将直接推动国家卫生研究所和国家儿童卫生研究所， 发展的重叠使命是促进基本发现，为所有人提供机会， 充分发挥其健康和富有成效的生活潜力。

Approximate number sense is a shared evolutionary ability that underlies human's propensity for complex mathematics. Investigation of the neurobehavioral correlates of approximate number sense in healthy populations has helped elucidate how numeracy is represented in the brain, and has highlighted important behavioral signatures of abstract numerical discrimination that predict math performance throughout life (Halberda, Ly, Wilmer, Naiman, & Germine, 2012; Halberda, Mazzocco, & Feigenson, 2008; Libertus, Odic, & Halberda, 2012). The study of approximate number sense in patient populations with persistent neural and behavioral deficits in math and number processing, such as women with Turner syndrome (TS) (Hong, Scaletta Kent, & Kesler, 2009; Kesler, Menon, & Reiss, 2006; Molko et al., 2003), has the potential to highlight important components of numeracy processing that may improve our understanding of numerical cognition for all (Butterworth & Kovas, 2013). While our meta-analysis of behavioral performance on tests of math and number competency indicates basic numerical reasoning skills are largely preserved in this group (Baker & Reiss, 2015), very little is currently understood about the neural and behavioral correlates of approximate number sense in patient populations with genetic abnormalities leading to poor mathematics. The proposed K99/R00 research will directly address these gaps through a focused assessment of the neurobehavioral signatures of number sense in children, adolescents, and adult women with TS. This contribution will substantively advance our understanding of the effects of a specific genetic abnormality on domain-specific cognitive processes related to numerical cognition, and will help elucidate the underlying cause of poor math aptitude for the significant number of women living with TS. This contribution will accrue multiple tangible benefits to the scientific and TS communities alike. For example, findings from this project will encourage novel and more refined empirical hypotheses regarding the developmental progression of math deficits in patient populations with poor number sense. Furthermore, interrogation of the effectiveness of Web-based number sense training in this group will encourage the development of novel math interventions that are optimized for the specific cognitive constraints inherent in TS, but which may also be generalized to a broader population of individuals that struggle with mathematics. Finally, because the majority of research on numerical reasoning in TS has been conducted on children and teens, very little is understood about the neural and behavioral manifestation of these processes in adult women with TS. Thus, results from this project are expected to contribute new and fundamental information about numerical cognition throughout the life span of women with TS, and will directly advance the National Institute of Health and National Institute of Child Health and Development's overlapping mission to foster fundamental discoveries that provide all people with the chance to achieve their full potential for healthy and productive lives.