Challenging Classical Theories in Spatial Cognition: Contrasting Translator and Comparator Models of Human Retrosplenial Function

项目摘要 对于健康的年轻人来说，日常的导航行为可能看起来很平凡，但其核心是， 复杂.看似机械的导航，如开车到办公室，需要协调多个流的信息。 感觉信息以及对环境的全局结构和布局的记忆（即，一个“认知的 地图”）。空间的表征通常分为两种不同的参照系：自我中心- 视点依赖关系-和allocentric -独立于其他人的界标关系。的 无法协调自我中心和他中心的表征导致迷失方向，即使在熟悉的空间， 并与空间处理网络和大脑区域的损伤有关， 皮质（RSC）。这种类型的定向障碍也可以作为痴呆症临床前阶段的标志。然而，在这方面， 目前的RSC功能的空间模型仍然与从偶发性事件研究的平行线联系不好， 记忆这种狭隘的理论焦点是有问题的，因为广泛的认知过程归因于 RSC。RSC功能的最突出的空间模型，称为BBB模型，假定RSC 主要支持自我中心和非自我中心参考框架的灵活使用， 自我中心和非自我中心的空间参考框架。RSC的这种空间翻译器模型在计算上是 这似乎是合理的，与导航和空间认知文献中的发现基本一致，但 还没有在人类身上直接测试过这个模型。此外，很少有功能性神经影像学研究被设计为 先验地直接研究RSC函数。另一种模型假定RSC是预测编码的一部分， 等级制度。在这个比较器模型中，RSC的一般功能是基于 并评估这些预测对实际感官信息的准确性， 解决任何差异并更新未来预测（即，贝叶斯推断）。每项假设 模型将在记忆期间评估先前学习的空间经验（慢，目标1）以及 上一次试验的空间需求（快速，目标2）。为了实现这一目标，最先进的沉浸式虚拟 现实技术将与功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）相结合。受试者工作 特征性方法以及先进的单变量和多变量fMRI分析将用于 分析来自包括情节和空间记忆元素的新行为范例的数据。功能 MRI将允许在行为过程中对RSC进行准确和非侵入性的成像，新的任务操作将 使RSC比较器和翻译器模型的预测相互对立。这些实验将 挑战长期存在的空间理论，这些理论尚未在人类身上经历过严格的测试。其成果将 缩小了RSC在空间认知和情景记忆中功能的联系不清的理论之间的差距。

Project Summary Everyday navigation behaviors that may seem mundane to healthy young adults are, at their core, quite complex. Seemingly rote navigation such as driving to the office require coordination of multiple streams of sensory information as well as memory for the global structure and layout of the environment (i.e., a “cognitive map”). Representations of space are often classified into two distinct frames of reference: egocentric – viewpoint-dependent relationships – and allocentric – observer-independent landmark relationships. The inability to reconcile egocentric and allocentric representations leads to disorientation, even in familiar spaces, and is associated with damage to spatial processing networks and regions of the brain including retrosplenial cortex (RSC). This type of disorientation also serves as a marker for preclinical stages of dementia. However, current spatial models of RSC function remain poorly connected with parallel lines of research from episodic memory. This narrow theoretical focus is problematic given the wide range of cognitive processes ascribed to RSC. The most prominent spatial model of RSC function, referred to as the BBB model, posits that RSC primarily supports the flexible use of egocentric and allocentric reference frames by translating between egocentric and allocentric spatial reference frames. Such spatial translator models of RSC are computationally plausible and generally compatible with findings in the navigation and spatial cognition literature, but there has been no direct test of this model in humans. Moreover, few functional neuroimaging studies are designed a priori to directly study RSC function. An alternative model posits that RSC is part of a predictive coding hierarchy. In this comparator model, a general function of RSC is to make predictions about the world based on learned experiences and evaluate the accuracy of these predictions against actual sensory information to resolve any discrepancies and update future predictions (i.e., Bayesian inference). Assumptions for each model will be evaluated during memory for previously learned spatial experiences (slow, Aim 1) as well as for the spatial demands of the previous trial (fast, Aim 2). To accomplish this, state-of-the-art immersive virtual reality techniques will be combined with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Receiver operating characteristic approaches as well as advanced univariate and multivariate fMRI analyses will be used to analyze data from novel behavioral paradigms comprising episodic and spatial memory elements. Functional MRI will allow for accurate and non-invasive imaging of RSC during behavior, and novel task manipulations will pit the predictions of RSC comparator and translator models against one another. These experiments will challenge long-standing spatial theories that have not undergone a rigorous test in humans. The findings will close a gap between poorly connected theories of RSC function in spatial cognition and episodic memory.