Challenging Classical Theories in Spatial Cognition: Contrasting Translator and Comparator Models of Human Retrosplenial Function

项目摘要 对健康的年轻人来说看似平凡的日常导航行为，其核心是相当 很复杂。看似机械的导航，如开车去办公室，需要协调多个数据流 感觉信息以及对环境的全局结构和布局的记忆(即，认知 地图“)。空间的表征通常被分为两个不同的参照系：以自我为中心的 依赖于视点的关系-和分配中心-独立于观察者的里程碑关系。这个 无法调和以自我为中心和以自我为中心的表征会导致迷失方向，即使在熟悉的空间， 并与空间处理网络和大脑区域的损害有关，包括脾后 皮质(RSC)。这种定向障碍也是痴呆症临床前阶段的标志。然而， 当前RSC功能的空间模型与来自事件的平行研究的联系仍然很差 记忆。这种狭隘的理论关注是有问题的，因为认知过程的范围很广 RSC.RSC功能的最突出的空间模型，称为BBB模型，假设RSC 主要支持灵活使用以自我为中心和以分配为中心的参照系 以自我为中心和以异地为中心的空间参照系。这种RSC的空间翻译器模型在计算上是 看似合理，并与导航和空间认知文献中的发现大体一致，但有 没有在人类身上直接测试过这种模型。此外，很少有功能性神经成像研究被设计成 先验知识来直接研究RSC函数。另一种模型假定RSC是预测编码的一部分 层级结构。在这个比较器模型中，RSC的一般功能是对基于 关于学习到的经验，并评估这些预测相对于实际感觉信息的准确性 解决任何差异并更新未来预测(即贝叶斯推理)。每种情况的假设 模型将在记忆过程中评估先前学习的空间体验(慢速，目标1)以及 前一次试验的空间需求(FAST，目标2)。为了实现这一点，最先进的沉浸式虚拟 现实技术将与功能磁共振成像(FMRI)相结合。接收器运行 将使用独特的方法以及先进的单变量和多变量fMRI分析来 分析由情节记忆元素和空间记忆元素组成的新行为范式的数据。功能性 MRI将允许在行为过程中对RSC进行准确和非侵入性的成像，新的任务操作将 让RSC比较器和翻译器模型的预测相互竞争。这些实验将 挑战长期存在的空间理论，这些理论没有在人类身上经历过严格的测试。调查结果将 弥合空间认知和情景记忆中RSC功能联系不紧密的理论之间的差距。

Project Summary Everyday navigation behaviors that may seem mundane to healthy young adults are, at their core, quite complex. Seemingly rote navigation such as driving to the office require coordination of multiple streams of sensory information as well as memory for the global structure and layout of the environment (i.e., a “cognitive map”). Representations of space are often classified into two distinct frames of reference: egocentric – viewpoint-dependent relationships – and allocentric – observer-independent landmark relationships. The inability to reconcile egocentric and allocentric representations leads to disorientation, even in familiar spaces, and is associated with damage to spatial processing networks and regions of the brain including retrosplenial cortex (RSC). This type of disorientation also serves as a marker for preclinical stages of dementia. However, current spatial models of RSC function remain poorly connected with parallel lines of research from episodic memory. This narrow theoretical focus is problematic given the wide range of cognitive processes ascribed to RSC. The most prominent spatial model of RSC function, referred to as the BBB model, posits that RSC primarily supports the flexible use of egocentric and allocentric reference frames by translating between egocentric and allocentric spatial reference frames. Such spatial translator models of RSC are computationally plausible and generally compatible with findings in the navigation and spatial cognition literature, but there has been no direct test of this model in humans. Moreover, few functional neuroimaging studies are designed a priori to directly study RSC function. An alternative model posits that RSC is part of a predictive coding hierarchy. In this comparator model, a general function of RSC is to make predictions about the world based on learned experiences and evaluate the accuracy of these predictions against actual sensory information to resolve any discrepancies and update future predictions (i.e., Bayesian inference). Assumptions for each model will be evaluated during memory for previously learned spatial experiences (slow, Aim 1) as well as for the spatial demands of the previous trial (fast, Aim 2). To accomplish this, state-of-the-art immersive virtual reality techniques will be combined with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Receiver operating characteristic approaches as well as advanced univariate and multivariate fMRI analyses will be used to analyze data from novel behavioral paradigms comprising episodic and spatial memory elements. Functional MRI will allow for accurate and non-invasive imaging of RSC during behavior, and novel task manipulations will pit the predictions of RSC comparator and translator models against one another. These experiments will challenge long-standing spatial theories that have not undergone a rigorous test in humans. The findings will close a gap between poorly connected theories of RSC function in spatial cognition and episodic memory.