Understanding the links between parental and adolescent substance use:complementary natural experiments using the children of twins design

项目摘要 人类发展中的一个基本问题是父母如何以及在多大程度上塑造他们的行为。 孩子目前对物质使用和障碍的代际传递的看法是， 深受长期社会化理论的影响，父母的示范和有问题的养育。在 同时，物质使用和障碍是遗传的，使用物质的父母也会将遗传责任传递给 对孩子使用药物。确定代际传播的因果机制对于 制定和实施有效的预防性干预措施，但对核心家庭的观察性研究 父母-孩子的二对完全混淆了社会化和遗传的影响。使用父母药物的影响 在大麻合法性、可用性和安全性迅速变化的背景下， 可接受性我们将研究父母使用大麻的代际影响，使用两个互补的 自然实验-双胞胎的孩子设计和比较两个国家有显着不同 大麻法律-在6,457父母和青少年从1,902个家庭在科罗拉多和明尼苏达州。双 父母是科罗拉多州明尼苏达州海洋研究（DA 042755）的参与者，这是两个 遗传信息，纵向双胞胎研究与平行，多波，纵向措施， 在两个州进行，目前大麻的合法性和可用性存在明显差异。我们现在打算 招募双胞胎的青少年儿童和非双胞胎父母/照顾者，以评估 大麻的使用和紊乱将讨论以下具体目标：（1）区分 使用创新的双胞胎儿童设计的大麻使用和障碍的亲子传播;（2） 通过比较父母，家庭和青少年来确定大麻合法化对父母的影响 和青少年大麻使用，父母的做法，以及两个州的家庭环境， 不同的大麻法律;和（3）在大麻的背景下描绘行为去抑制的影响 合法化，测试假设，父母和青少年与更大的去抑制将使用大麻 在科罗拉多的利率更高和/或更多的问题。利用这些独特的信息，互补 研究设计，以及在这些双胞胎样本中已经收集的全面纵向数据，我们将 能够快速回答有关物质使用代际传递的重要问题， 不断变化的景观-合法化的娱乐大麻-对预防和 干预措施和公共政策。

PROJECT SUMMARY A fundamental question in human development is how and to what extent parents shape the behavior of their children. Current perspectives on the intergenerational transmission of substance use and disorder have been greatly influenced by longstanding socialization theories of parental modeling and problematic parenting. At the same time, substance use and disorder are heritable and substance using parents also pass genetic liability to use substances to their children. Identifying causal mechanisms of intergenerational transmission is critical to develop and implement effective preventive–intervention efforts, but observational studies of nuclear families and parent–child dyads fully confound socialization and genetic influences. Effects of parental substance use within families are particularly salient now, in the context of rapid shifts in marijuana legality, availability, and acceptability. We will examine the intergenerational impact of parental marijuana use using two complementary natural experiments — the children of twins design and a comparison of two states with markedly different marijuana laws — in 6,457 parents and adolescents from 1,902 families in Colorado and Minnesota. Twin parents are participants in the Colorado–Minnesota Marijuana Study (DA042755), a collaboration between two genetically informative, longitudinal twin studies with parallel, multi-wave, longitudinal measures that are conducted in two states with marked differences in current marijuana legality and availability. We now intend to recruit and twins’ adolescent children, and nontwin parents/caregivers, to evaluate parent–child transmission of marijuana use and disorder. The following specific aims will be addressed: (1) Differentiate mechanisms of parent–child transmission of marijuana use and disorder using an innovative children of twins design; (2) Determine effects of marijuana legalization on parents, families, and adolescents by comparing parental and adolescent marijuana use, parenting practices, and the family environment in two states with markedly different marijuana laws; and (3) Delineate effects of behavioral disinhibition in the context of marijuana legalization, testing the hypothesis that parents and adolescents with greater disinhibition will use marijuana at higher rates and/or with more problems in Colorado. Leveraging these uniquely informative, complementary study designs, as well as the comprehensive longitudinal data already collected in these twin samples, we will be able to answer important questions about the intergenerational transmission of substance use in a rapidly changing landscape —legalized recreational marijuana — with critical implications for prevention and intervention efforts and public policy.