Single Cell Analysis of HIV-1 Latent reservoir establishment in Humanized Mice

摘要 人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）已感染全球7600万人，并导致38人死亡。 万目前的治疗方法可以减少患者的病毒载量，但无法治愈感染患者。这是由于 病毒在抗逆转录病毒治疗期间潜伏的能力。潜伏感染的细胞几乎 与未感染的细胞难以区分，并且没有有效的治疗方法来消除这些细胞。我们长久以来- 术语的目标是在单个细胞水平上描述早期水库播种是如何发生的以及 驱动器延迟建立。这项资助中提出的实验是基于这样的假设，即在 急性感染，一定比例的感染CD 4 + T细胞来自不同的T细胞谱系，例如静息CD 4 + 记忆、活化T细胞、幼稚T细胞、效应记忆T细胞经历早期潜伏期， 如mTOR和EIF2信号传导和前病毒整合到转录抑制位点的途径， 早期潜伏期建立的机制。这一假设是基于以下观察：i）尽管非常 早期抗逆转录病毒治疗，艾滋病毒潜伏库可能建立早于72小时后暴露ii）不同的 T细胞亚群可窝藏潜伏HIV iii）宿主和病毒因子之间的复杂相互作用驱动潜伏。 第一代潜伏期标记技术已由Chen实验室开发，用于报告HIV的历史 通过不可逆地标记所有HIV感染的细胞，称为HIV诱导谱系追踪（HILT）。在这 应用，我提出了第二代，创新的遗传标记技术，增强HILT（EHILT）， 进一步加深了我们对艾滋病毒潜伏期复杂性的认识。使用EHILT和经验证的小动物模型， 潜伏期，我将使用EHILT定义体外和体内急性和ART治疗感染的早期潜伏期动力学， 鉴定与体内潜伏期相关的转录谱和途径，并分析 具有立即潜伏表型的前病毒。

Abstract Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has infected 76 million people worldwide and caused the death of 38 million. Current treatments can reduce patient viral loads but fail to cure patients of infection. This is due to the ability of the virus to undergo latency during antiretroviral therapy. Latently infected cells are nearly indistinguishable from uninfected cells and there is no effective treatment to eliminate these cells. Our long- term goal is to describe at a single cell level, how early reservoir seeding occurs and the mechanisms that drive latency establishment. The proposed experiments in this grant are based on the hypothesis that during acute infection, a proportion of infected CD4+ T cells from diverse lineages of T cells such as resting CD4+ memory, activated T cells, naïve T cell, effector memory T cell undergo early latency and that transcriptional pathways such as mTOR and EIF2 signaling and provirus integration into transcriptionally repressive site are mechanisms of early latency establishment. This hypothesis is based on observations that: i) despite extremely early ART treatment, HIV latent reservoir may be established earlier than 72 hours after exposure ii) a diverse subset of T cells can harbor latent HIV iii) complex interactions between host and viral factors drive latency. First generation latency marking technology has been developed by the Chen lab to report the history of HIV infection through irreversible marking all HIV-infected cells called HIV-Induced Lineage Tracing (HILT). In this application, I propose a second-generation, innovative genetic marking technology, Enhanced HILT (EHILT), to further our knowledge the complexities of HIV latency. Using EHILT and validated small animal models of latency, I will define early latency kinetics in in vitro and in vivo acute and ART-treated infection using EHILT, identify transcriptional profiles and pathways associated with latency in vivo, and profile the integration sites of provirus with immediate latent phenotype.