Increased access to highly effective contraception: an opportunity dividend?

项目摘要 在过去的50年里，美国获得避孕药具的途径得到了专门的公共资金的支持 溪流。对妇女生活的好处经常被认为是这些方案的理由。但令人惊讶的是，几乎没有 严格的当代证据支持这样一种说法，即获得高效避孕措施 反对使用信息技术--影响妇女的经济成果和人口中的人力资本积累 水平。这种证据的缺乏使得公共避孕补贴的主要理由没有得到检验。 该项目寻求克服数据和研究设计方面的挑战，这些挑战导致了证据的缺乏。 与美国人口普查局合作，该项目将(目标1)构建个人层面的纵向 数据集，《人们生活中的再生产》(RIPL)，记录女性的生育率以及女性和男性的人类 2007-2021年几乎所有育龄美国居民的资本形成。它将连接受限的个人级别 来自2010年人口普查、美国国税局纳税申报、人口普查家庭的全美微观数据 组成关键文件、医疗补助资格记录和2007-2021年美国社区调查(ACS)。 该项目将使用一项大规模的政策实验来评估获得避孕措施的因果影响： 科罗拉多州计划生育倡议(CFPI)，始于2009年，该倡议极大地扩大了获得高度 科罗拉多州所有联邦资助的TITLE X诊所的有效避孕措施，使得以前昂贵的方法 免费的。生命统计分析显示，CFPI降低了科罗拉多州年轻女性的生育率和堕胎率 与其他州的流行趋势相比。该项目的试点项目使用了链接的人口普查和ACS数据(将 包括在RIPL中)，以研究CFPI对教育的影响，发现CFPI提高了高中毕业率。 随着科罗拉多州人获得高效避孕措施，生命过程结果的变化将是 与使用差异中差异方法的比较状态的变化进行比较。通过这种方式，该项目 将(目标2)评估获得高效避孕药具对妇女一生生育能力的影响 当然了。同样，该项目将(目标3)评估获得高效避孕措施对 妇女(第一次是男子)的经济成果和人力资本积累。对于每个 结果，影响是否因接触的年龄、原籍家庭的社会经济地位和种族/族裔而不同， 此外，还将评估生育率是否会调节CFPI对妇女社会经济生活的影响。 项目结果将为人口学、经济学和公共政策中关于 计划生育计划的后果，即个人可能改善经济状况的程度 是否观察到生育时机与女性生育时间之间的关联 晚年的生活结果是有因果关系的，而赋予女性控制生育能力是否会减少负面影响 生育对妇女的社会经济后果。该项目开发的数据和方法可以 还可用于调查其他计划生育和社会政策变化的影响。

Project Summary Over the last 50 years, access to contraception in the US has been supported by dedicated public funding streams. Benefits to women's lives are often cited as rationale for these programs. But there is surprisingly little rigorous contemporary evidence to support the claim that access to highly effective contraception – as opposed to use of it – impacts women's economic outcomes and human capital accumulation at the population level. This absence of evidence leaves a dominant rationale for the public subsidy of contraception untested. This project seeks to overcome challenges in data and research design that resulted in this lack of evidence. In partnership with the U.S. Census Bureau, the project will (Aim 1) construct an individual-level longitudinal dataset, Reproduction in People's Lives (RIPL), recording women's fertility and women's and men's human capital formation for nearly all reproductive-age U.S. residents 2007-2021. It will link restricted individual-level microdata for the entire United States from the 2010 Census, IRS tax filings, the Census Household Composition Key File, Medicaid Eligibility Records, and the 2007-2021 American Community Surveys (ACS). The project will estimate the causal impact of access to contraception using a massive policy experiment: the Colorado Family Planning Initiative (CFPI), begun in 2009, which dramatically expanded access to highly effective contraception in all federally funded Title X clinics in Colorado, making previously expensive methods free. Vital statistics analyses showed CFPI decreased young women's fertility and abortion rates in Colorado compared to prevailing trends in other states. A pilot for this project used linked Census and ACS data (to be included in RIPL) to study effects of CFPI on education, finding that CFPI improved high school completion. Changes in life course outcomes as Coloradans gained access to highly effective contraception will be compared to changes in comparison states using a difference-in-differences approach. In this way the project will (Aim 2) assess the impact of access to highly effective contraception on women's fertility over their life course. Similarly, the project will (Aim 3) assess the impact of access to highly effective contraception on women's (and for the first time, men's) economic outcomes and human capital accumulation. For each outcome, whether impacts vary by age at exposure, family of origin socioeconomic status, and race/ethnicity, as well as whether fertility mediates the impact of CFPI on women's socioeconomic lives will be assessed. Project findings will inform longstanding debates in demography, economics, and public policy regarding the consequences of family planning programs, the degree to which individuals may improve their economic opportunity by controlling their fertility, whether observed associations between fertility timing and women's later life outcomes are causal, and whether empowering women to control their fertility reduces the negative socioeconomic consequences of childbearing for women. The data and methods developed by the project may also be used to investigate effects of other family planning and social policy changes.