Promoting Parallel Parenting: Putting Children First during High-Conflict Divorce and Separation (PCF)

促进平行养育：在高度冲突的离婚和分居期间将孩子放在第一位（PCF）

• 批准号: 10757876
• 负责人: Jeremy Austin Jones
• 金额: $ 28.81万
• 依托单位: IRIS MEDIA, INC.
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2023
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2023-08-15 至 2024-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10757876
• 关键词: Address; Adoption; Agreement; Anger; Behavior; Behavior Therapy; Behavioral; Businesses; Child; Child Rearing; Child Support; Childhood; Conflict (Psychology); Consumption; Couples; Development; Divorce; Educational Intervention; Evidence based practice; Expenditure; Family; Family Process; Grief reaction; Health; Hearing; Hour; Indiana; Individual; Instruction; Intervention; Interview; Justice; Knowledge; Laws; Legal; Literature; Litigation; Mental Health; Mental disorders; Modeling; Motivation; Oregon; Outcome; Parent-Child Relations; Parenting Education; Parents; Personal Satisfaction; Persons; Phase; Population; Process; Protocols documentation; Randomized; Randomized, Controlled Trials; Reporting; Research Activity; Research Design; Resources; Risk; Risk Factors; Self Efficacy; Site; Social Adjustment; Stress; Structure; Substance abuse problem; System; Techniques; Testing; Time; Training; Training Activity; Treatment Efficacy; Triage; Trust; adverse childhood events; adverse outcome; court; design; digital; digital delivery; divorce/separation; effective intervention; evidence base; experience; family management; family support; fighting; follow-up; implementation framework; improved; interest; motivational enhancement therapy; online intervention; prevent; programs; prototype; psychologic; psychosocial; recruit; stressor; study population; substance use; usability; verbal; willingness

Parental divorce and separation constitute an adverse childhood experience and a risk factor for a number of childhood behavioral, psychological, and academic problems. The act of parental divorce or separation does not in itself cause adverse outcomes in children. Rather, co-occurring negative family processes, particularly high inter-parental conflict (HIC), explain most of the variance. Although many families experience conflict in the first year after divorce, it typically decreases over time. In contrast to normal conflict, for 10%-25% of couples, HIC endures and puts children at risk for negative outcomes. The literature broadly defines HIC following divorce and separation to include anger, an extreme lack of trust, unresolved grief, hostile contempt, uncooperative co-parenting, verbal and physical fighting, and legal conflict between the parents. Courts are moving towards triaged approaches to manage family law cases. Aligned with this model, almost every state or local jurisdiction requires parents to complete a brief (3- to 4-hour), universal parenting education course before finalizing a divorce. Unfortunately, existing court-mandated universal parent education interventions fail to address the unique parenting challenges presented by HIC separation. There is a critical need to develop interventions to ameliorate negative consequences for children of divorcing and separating parents with HIC. To meet this need, we propose to develop and evaluate Putting Children First (PCF), an affordable and highly scalable online intervention featuring digitally adapted motivational interviewing strategies paired with evidence-based parent training resources. In contrast to most universal parenting interventions provided by family courts that promote co-parenting, PCF emphasizes parallel parenting, a strategy that we hypothesize to be more effective for families experiencing HIC. The proposed PCF intervention will be based on Parent Management Program-Oregon (PMTO), a well- established, in-person parenting intervention shown to improve child, parent, and family outcomes. Although PMTO is effective when adapted for divorcing parents, it has not been adapted nor systematically evaluated for couples experiencing HIC during separation. The PCF intervention will identify and overcome barriers to engagement with this population by incorporating brief motivational interviewing, a strategy that increases an individual's motivation to make behavioral changes by focusing on their need for and reasons for change. The project incorporates three aims in two phases. In Phase I, we aim to complete four tasks: (1) interview judicial stakeholders to tailor the implementation framework and approach to meet the needs of the court system administration; (2) conduct design research to adapt the instructional and motivational approach to parents with HIC involved in a separation or divorce; (3) develop content for four training modules and a high-fidelity prototype of the course site; (4) assess usability of the prototype using a think-aloud protocol and follow-up semi-structured interviews with parents with HIC. In Phase II, Aim 1, the project team will engage in design research to complete content development for the PCF intervention. In Aim 2, a randomized controlled trial will be conducted with 250 dyads (i.e., divorcing/divorced/separated parents with HIC) to evaluate the PCF intervention. Dyads will be recruited through a partnership with the Indiana Supreme Court and will be randomized to business as usual (BAU) or to BAU+PCF. We hypothesize that: 1. Compared to BAU, BAU+PCF will (a) increase parent self‐efficacy, (b) decrease parental stress, (c) increase parental knowledge, (d) increase parental motivation to engage with the intervention, (f) improve the quality of parent-child relationships, and (g) improve parent-reported child stress and prosocial behaviors. 2. Parents with higher levels of conflict will be more responsive to parallel parenting, and increased parallel parenting among HIC dyads will reduce child adjustment problems.

父母离婚和分居是一种不良的童年经历，也是一些人的风险因素。 儿童期的行为、心理和学业问题。父母离婚或分居的行为 本身不会对儿童造成不良后果。相反，共同发生的消极家庭过程，特别是 高亲子冲突（HIC），解释了大部分的方差。虽然许多家庭在冲突中 在离婚后的第一年，它通常会随着时间的推移而减少。与正常冲突相比， 如果是夫妇，HIC会持续存在，并使儿童面临负面结果的风险。文献对HIC进行了广泛的定义 离婚和分居后，包括愤怒，极度缺乏信任，未解决的悲伤，敌意的蔑视， 不合作的共同养育，语言和身体的战斗，和法律的冲突的父母之间。 法院正在采取分类处理的办法来处理家庭法案件。根据这一模式， 几乎每个州或地方司法管辖区都要求父母完成一个简短的（3到4小时），普遍的养育 离婚前的教育课程不幸的是，现有的法院强制普及家长教育 干预措施未能解决由HIC分离所带来的独特的养育挑战。存在一个临界 需要制定干预措施，减轻离婚和分居对儿童的负面影响 父母有HIC。 为了满足这一需要，我们建议制定和评估“儿童第一”计划，这是一个负担得起的， 高度可扩展的在线干预，具有数字化适应的动机访谈策略， 基于证据的家长培训资源。与大多数普遍的育儿干预措施相比， 家庭法庭，促进共同养育，PCF强调平行养育，我们假设， 对患有HIC的家庭更有效。 拟议的PCF干预措施将基于俄勒冈州家长管理计划（PMTO），这是一个很好的- 建立，亲职育儿干预表明，以改善儿童，父母和家庭的结果。虽然 《预防家庭暴力和家庭暴力法》在适用于离婚父母时是有效的，但尚未进行适用或系统评价， 在分离期间经历HIC的夫妇。PCF的干预措施将确定和克服障碍， 通过结合简短的动机性访谈，与这一人群接触，这是一种增加 个人的动机，使行为的变化，重点是他们的需要和原因的变化。 该项目分两个阶段实现三个目标。 在第一阶段，我们的目标是完成四项工作：（1）与司法利益相关者面谈，以调整实施情况 满足法院系统行政管理需要的框架和方法; ⑵进行设计研究， 调整教学和激励方法，以适应父母与HIC涉及分居或离婚;（3） 为四个培训单元编写内容，并制作一个逼真的课程网站原型;（4）评估 原型使用有声思维协议和后续的半结构化访谈与HIC的父母。 在第二阶段，目标1，项目小组将从事设计研究，以完成内容开发， PCF的介入。在目标2中，将进行一项随机对照试验，其中有250对（即， 离婚/离异/分居的HIC父母），以评估PCF干预。二人组将被招募 通过与印第安纳州最高法院的合作伙伴关系，并将被随机分配到照常营业（BAU）或 BAU+PCF。我们假设： 1.与BAU相比，BAU+PCF将（a）增加父母自我效能，（B）减少父母压力，（c） 增加父母的知识，（d）增加父母参与干预措施的动机，（f）改善 亲子关系的质量，以及（g）改善父母报告的儿童压力和亲社会行为。 2.冲突水平较高的父母对平行养育的反应更强烈， 父母在HIC二人组中的养育方式将减少儿童适应问题。