Carbohydrate-mediated platelet clearance

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The goal of these studies is to determine the pathway(s) by which hepatocytes ingest platelets to acceler- ate their clearance from the circulation. Until recently, the only well-established mechanisms affecting platelet survival were antibody-mediated platelet clearance, consumption of platelets by coagulation reac- tions and loss due to massive bleeding. An effort to address a practical problem, how to refrigerate platelets for transfusion, led us to define an unsuspected carbohydrate-based platelet clearance mechanism where the ccM|}2 receptor on Kupffer cells recognized clustered pGlcNAc moieties on GPIba of short-term (< 4h) stored platelets. We have now made the striking observation that mouse platelets lacking sialic acid (re- frigerated for 48h or platelets from sialyl-tranferase STSGallV null mice) are removed in the liver, principally by hepatocytes, not macrophages. Because exposed galactose residues increase on the surface as platelets circulate, and after long-term storage as revealed by lectin binding experiments, we postulate that sialic acid normally covers the galactose residues and permits platelet survival. We further hypothesize that increases in galactose exposure induce recognition by the Asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR or HL- 1/2) on hepatocytes. Platelet modifications that markedly enhance clearance will be used to determine the role of sialic acid in platelet survival: 1) ST3GallV null platelets; 2) enzymatically desialylated platelets; and 3) wild type platelets refrigerated for > 48h. Aim 1 will document and characterize the uptake of long-term stored platelets, STSGallV null platelets and neuraminidase-treated platelets by hepatocytes in real time, quantify their clearance rates in mice, determine the contribution of macrophage clearance (Aim 1A), and define the role of the ASGP receptor(s) in initiating ingestion (Aim 1B). We will determine whether a com- bination of galactosylation and sialylation will improve long-term stored platelet and STSGallV-/- platelet survival (Aim 1C). We will also investigate if platelets lose sialic acid while circulating, a process that could contribute to platelet aging and clearance (Aim 1D), and whether resialylation can improve survival (Aim 1E). These experiments will, therefore, establish a new clearance mechanism for senile platelets. While the intravital experiments should demonstrate HL-1/2 function in the clearance of chilled murine platelets in vivo, other approaches are necessary to establish that human platelets can suffer the same fate. In Aim 2, therefore, we propose to utilize the in vitro endocytosis of desialylated platelets by HepG2 cells as a simple readout (relative to transfusion studies) (Aim 2A) to define the nature of the host platelet glycoproteins car- rying the galactose moieties recognized by HL-1/2 (hepatocytes) (Aim 2B) or MGL1 (macrophages) re- ceptors (Aim 2D). We will further determine if platelet resialylation prevents the ingestion of desialylated platelets in vitro (Aim 2C).