Role of oral and intestinal microbiota in Rheumatoid Arthritis

描述（由申请人提供）：长期以来，肠道微生物群被认为与炎症性疾病有关，动物模型和人类的多项报告表明，抗生素治疗可以改变自身免疫性疾病的表现。我们最近在啮齿动物中证明了特定微生物诱导肠固有层中Th17细胞的分化。有强有力的遗传和基于治疗的证据表明，“促炎”Th17和“抗炎”调节性T细胞（Treg）在自身免疫性疾病中起关键作用，包括类风湿性关节炎（RA）、银屑病关节炎（PsA）和克罗恩病。我们建议研究肠道（肠道和口腔）微生物群在RA和其他炎症性关节炎中的作用。我们的主要假设是：1)人类肠道中诱导th17的微生物的特征将为疾病发病机制提供深入了解；2)直接操纵肠道微生物群将导致关节炎生物标志物的改变，包括Th17/Treg平衡。获得的见解可能阐明T细胞网络如何响应微生物与宿主肠道成分的相互作用，并为开发新的RA治疗方法提供理论基础。提出了三个具体目标：1)建立一个多学科中心，以表征RA及相关疾病患者的肠道微生物组。2)利用依赖th17的RA小鼠模型，研究微生物群/T细胞相互作用在疾病发生发展中的作用，直接评估RA患者体内特定细菌是否参与疾病发病机制。直接的细菌鸡尾酒和在类风湿性关节炎患者中发现的细菌都将接种到小鼠体内。3)研究人类肠道微生物群在RA发病中的作用，通过：a)横断面研究确定人类肠道中特定的分类群或细菌家族是否与RA或PsA相关；B)临床和血液检查以评估关节炎患者与对照组的基线疾病活动性、遗传易感性和免疫细胞功能；c)前瞻性、干预性概念证明生物标志物研究，以确定肠道微生物群的改变是否能使RA患者的细胞免疫功能正常化。我们将比较两种抗生素方案，以评估治疗是否会诱导i)肠道微生物组的特征性变化（包括特定目标分类群丰度的变化），以及ii)免疫生物标志物的改变，特别是Th17和Treg细胞水平和/或功能的改变。仔细选择的结果应该允许我们将特定微生物或微生物组模式的存在与细胞免疫反应、其他特定生物标志物和临床活性的变化联系起来。相关性：该项目与人类微生物组项目的目标是一致的，人类微生物组项目是美国国立卫生研究院的一个主要路线图倡议，并且有可能通过填补关于炎症性关节炎病因的基本知识空白而真正具有变革性。这些结果可能会改变我们对微生物和人类之间关系的理解，并导致创新的诊断测试和未来的治疗方法。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Gut microbiota has long been thought to contribute to inflammatory diseases, and multiple reports in animal models and humans suggest that antibiotic treatment alters autoimmune disease manifestations. We have recently demonstrated in rodents that specific microbes induce the differentiation of Th17 cells in the intestinal lamina propria. There is strong genetic and therapy-based evidence that "pro-inflammatory" Th17 and "anti- inflammatory" regulatory T cells (Treg) have critical roles in autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), and Crohn's disease. We propose to study the role of gut (intestinal and oral) microbiota in RA and other inflammatory arthritides. Our primary hypotheses are that: 1) characterization of Th17-inducing microbes in human intestine will provide insight into disease pathogenesis; and 2) directed manipulation of the gut microbiota will result in alteration of arthritis biomarkers, including Th17/Treg balance. Insights attained may elucidate how the T cell network responds to microbial interactions with host intestinal components and provide a rationale for the development of new therapeutic approaches for RA. Three Specific Aims are proposed: 1) To create a multidisciplinary center to characterize human gut microbiome in patients with RA and related conditions. 2) To employ Th17-dependent mouse models of RA to study the role of microbiota/T cell interactions in development of disease, to directly assess whether specific bacteria in RA patients can be implicated in disease pathogenesis. Both direct bacterial cocktails and bacteria identified in RA patients will be inoculated into the mice. 3) To study the role of human gut microbiota in RA pathogenesis by: a) cross-sectional study to determine whether a specific taxon or bacterial family in the human gut is associated with RA or PsA; b) clinical and blood examinations to assess baseline disease activity, genetic predisposition and immune cellular function of arthritis patients vs controls; c) prospective, interventional proof of concept biomarker study to determine whether alteration of the gut microbiota normalizes cellular immune functions in patients with RA. We will compare 2 antibiotic regimens to assess whether therapy induces i) characteristic changes in the gut microbiome (including changes in abundance of specific target taxons), and ii) alterations in immune biomarkers, particularly Th17 and Treg cell levels and/or function. Carefully selected outcomes should permit us to correlate the presence of a specific microorganism or microbiome pattern with changes in cellular immune response, other specific biomarkers, and clinical activity. Relevance: This project is consistent with the goals of the Human Microbiome Project, a major NIH Roadmap initiative, and has the potential to be truly transformative by filling a fundamental knowledge gap regarding the cause of inflammatory arthritis. The results could transform our understanding of the relationships between microbes and humans, and lead to innovative diagnostic tests and future treatments.