Microtubule regulation by small molecules.

天然产物历来是大多数抗有丝分裂小分子的来源，这些小分子的特性使它们成为有用的药物。这项研究中的大部分化合物都是如此，但不是全部。有些，如新的微管稳定化合物peloruside，是天然产物。其他类似物，如微管稳定化合物埃波西酮的类似物和微管不稳定肽管溶素的类似物，是根据已知天然化合物的结构合成的。我们还从高通量筛选的合成分子文库中发现了抗有丝分裂化合物，这些化合物的结构与特定的天然化合物无关。所有这些化合物都通过与微管的亚基蛋白微管蛋白结合来发挥作用。我们还证明，像亚硝基源这样的化合物，不与微管蛋白相互作用，但可以通过与自身与微管蛋白结合的小蛋白质相互作用来影响微管特性。

Natural products have historically been the source of most of the anti-mitotic small molecules whose properties have allowed them to become useful drugs. That remains true of most but not all of the compounds in this study. Some, such as the new microtubule-stabilizing compound peloruside, are natural products. Others, such as analogs of the microtubule-stabilizing compound epothilone, and analogs of the microtubule-destabilizing peptide tubulysin, are derived by synthesis based on the structure of known natural compounds. We have also discovered anti-mitotic compounds from a high-throughput screen of libraries of synthetic molecules whose structures are unrelated to particular natural compounds. All of these compounds exert their actions through binding to tubulin, the subunit protein of microtubules. We have also demonstrated that compounds like nitrosoureas, that do not interact with tubulin, can affect microtubule properties by interacting with small proteins that themselves bind to tubulin. We have shown that some effects of microtubule-active drugs are cell type specific. An example of this is our demonstration that exposure of neural cells to microtubule-depolymerizing drugs results in a rapid degradation of tubulin following the expected microtuble depolymerization. The exact pathway of degradation is not yet solved, but this process may underly or contribute to the peripheral neuropathy that is often a side effect of chemotherapy with these microtubule-active drugs. We have identified a number of new modified peptides derived from the natural peptide microtubule destabilizer, tubulysin. These new peptides show a range of antimicrotubule activity in assays with purified proteins as well as in cells. We have also designed, synthesized, and tested a new, potent microtubule stabilizer based on the natural compound, epothilone. In addition we have examined a new "second generation" of microtubule stabilizers, focusing on the natural compound peloruside. Study of its binding to tubulin by hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometric methods has led to new insights into the mechansims of normal microtubule assembly. Binding of small molecules to tubulin can be usefully followed by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, as we have shown. We have also shown that an old chemotherapy agent, a nitrosourea, may affect microtubule stability indirectly by altering the activity of the protein stathmin. This results in reduced migration and invasion by malignant glioma cells. In addition to studying small molecules that may have useful activity against human tubulin, we are seeking to identify small molecules that do not bind well with mammalian tubulin but do bind to parasite tubulin. The tubulin molecule is quite conserved evolutionarily, but differences do exist, and several molecules are known that can target, for example, yeast rather than mammalian tubulin or vice-versa. We are looking for molecules that will target Leishmania, the infectious cause of an important group of human diseases. We have identified several small molecules that show promise as selective agents, binding to Leishmania tubulin preferentially over mammalian tubulin, and preventing parasite multiplication inside human macrophage cells. In order to screen for these drugs, we have developed methods to purify tubulin from these cells and have also developed methods to quantitate drug binding to tubulin based on changes in sulfhydryl chemistry.