Intergenerational transmission of drug use in an urban sample

描述（由申请人提供）：拟议的纵向研究旨在了解主要是非裔美国人样本中酒精、烟草和其他药物使用（ATOD）风险的代际传递，我们自1994年以来一直跟踪第一代非裔美国人样本。研究中的第一代（G1）包括700多名5-15岁儿童的父母。我们的样本是独特的，因为关于代际传播的少数研究没有包括具有中低收入背景的城市非洲裔美国人的大样本。我们将应用社会生态发展框架来研究家庭和邻里环境，以及一组中年父母（33-37岁；G1）的个人行为、态度和经历如何随着时间的推移影响养育方式、态度和行为，以及这些因素如何影响其子女的态度和行为（G2）。我们目前有G1样本12年的数据（从14岁到32岁）。因此，我们可以研究G1期的发展轨迹（如ATOD）如何纵向影响G2期的结果（如执行功能）。我们将研究G1轨迹的直接影响，以及这些轨迹如何影响养育行为，而养育行为反过来又影响G2结果（中介）。研究人员已经证明，童年早期和中期的内化和外化行为与青春期和成年早期的ATOD之间存在着密切的联系。因此，了解育儿和更广泛的社会环境因素（如家庭冲突、邻里因素）如何影响这一时期的儿童结果至关重要。研究人员已经广泛地关注于了解青少年使用ATOD的风险因素，而很少关注那些可能预防或减轻父母对孩子使用ATOD的传播的因素。因此，我们将研究可能减轻ATOD使用风险的应对和日常行为的亲子传播。每个家庭将在4年内每年接受评估，这样我们就可以模拟关键发育时期的成长轨迹。在每次年度访问中，一位面试官将与G2的孩子私下会面，而另一位面试官将与G1的父母私下会面并完成问卷调查。在我们的分析中，我们将采用层次线性模型和结构方程模型来理解随着时间的推移的发展轨迹。我们有将FAS结果应用于制定预防方案的历史，拟议的研究将继续这一努力。我们独特的二元视角将有助于ATOD领域父母/儿童早期干预的干预发展。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The proposed longitudinal study seeks to understand the intergenerational transmission of risk for alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use (ATOD) in a predominantly African-American sample, the first generation of which we have been following since 1994. Generation 1 (G1) in the proposed study includes parents of over 700 children aged 5-15 years old. Our sample is unique in that the few studies on intergenerational transmission do not include a large sample of urban African-Americans with middle to low income backgrounds. We will apply a socioecological developmental framework to study how familial and neighborhood environments, as well as the individual behaviors, attitudes, and experiences of a cohort of parents in middle adulthood (ages 33-37; G1), influence parenting style, attitudes, and behaviors over time, and how these factors may influence the attitudes and behaviors of their children (G2). We currently have 12 years of data (from age 14 through 32) for the G1 sample. Thus, we can examine how trajectories of development (e.g., ATOD) in G1 may influence G2 outcomes (e.g., executive function) longitudinally. We will examine both direct effects of G1 trajectories, and how these trajectories may affect parenting behaviors, which in turn influence G2 outcomes (mediation). Researchers have demonstrated a strong link between internalizing and externalizing behaviors in early and middle childhood, and ATOD in adolescence and early adulthood. Understanding how parenting and broader social context factors (e.g., family conflict; neighborhood factors) relate to child outcomes across this period i therefore critical. Researchers have focused extensively on understanding the risk factors for adolescent ATOD use, while less attention has been given to those factors which might prevent or mitigate the transmission of ATOD use from parent to child. We will therefore examine the parent-to-child transmission of coping and prosaically behaviors that may mitigate the risk for ATOD use. Each family will be assessed annually for 4 years so that we can model trajectories of growth across key developmental periods. At each annual visit, one interviewer will meet privately with the G2 child, while another interviewer will meet privately with the G1 parent to complete questionnaires. We will employ hierarchical linear modeling and structural equation modeling in our analyses to understand developmental trajectories over time. We have a history of applying FAS results to developing prevention programs, and the proposed study will continue this effort. Our unique dyadic perspective will contribute to intervention development for parent/child early interventions in the area of ATOD.