Overwintering of emerald ash borer

绿灰螟（Emerald ash borer， EAB）是一种大约10年前从亚洲引进的侵入性树皮蛀虫。EAB感染所有种类的白蜡树，不可避免地导致树木死亡，已经杀死了安大略省西南部的大量树木，并威胁到该省约10亿棵树。这不仅是一个生态问题，也是一个经济问题：白蜡木在经济上对工具手柄和运动器材（如棒球棒）很重要，自从榆树减少以来，大多数城市种植的树木都是白蜡木。目前对这种破坏性害虫还没有有效的控制措施，而且由于其在亚洲原产地的数据质量不高，目前尚不清楚EAB的侵扰将在多大程度上超出目前在伦敦的限制。我们假设冬季条件可能会限制EAB的范围，并将使用生理学，小气候温度监测和数学建模的组合来验证这一点。我们将测量白蜡树对低温的生理反应，并监测安大略省16个地点白蜡树的冬季小气候温度，包括城市和林地环境。然后，我们将使用模型来预测1)更广泛的气候（和气候变化）如何影响EAB的越冬地点，2)温度如何影响EAB在安大略省和加拿大不同地区过冬的能力。这将允许加拿大食品检验局以及城市和林地环境中的森林管理员对EAB入侵的持续反应进行前瞻性规划。

Emerald ash borer (EAB) is an invasive bark-boring beetle that was introduced from Asia approximately 10 years ago. EAB infests all species of ash, inevitably resulting in the death of the tree, has already killed a large number of trees in SW Ontario and threatens an estimated one billion trees in the province. This is not only an ecological problem, but also an economic one: ash wood is economically important for tool handles and sporting equipment (like baseball bats), and the majority of urban trees planted since the decline of elms are ash. Currently there are no effective controls for this destructive pest, and because of poor-quality data from its native range in Asia, it is unclear how far the EAB infestation will extend beyond its current limit at London, ON.  We hypothesise that winter conditions may limit EAB range, and will test this using a combination ofphysiology, microclimate temperature monitoring and mathematical modeling. We will measure the physiological responses of EAB to low temperatures and also monitor winter microclimate temperatures in ash trees at 16 sites across Ontario, representing both urban and woodlot settings. We will then use modeling to allow us to predict 1) how the wider climate (and climate change) affect overwintering sites for EAB and 2) how temperature might affect the ability of EAB to survive winter in different parts of Ontario and Canada.  This will allow forward planning of the ongoing response to the EAB invasion by the Canadian Food Inspections Agency and by foresters in both urban and woodland settings.