Determination of redox-sensitive trace element species

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Potentially-toxic trace elements, like arsenic or selenium, exist in several different chemical forms with widely differing chemical and (eco)toxicological properties. In parts of the environment that are devoid of oxygen (e.g. sediments or wetlands), they occur in different chemical forms than in well oxygenated surface waters, which has a big influence on their environmental cycling and fate under such oxygen-deficient conditions. One major problem in studying the geochemical processes of trace elements in oxygen-deficient environments is to prevent the collected samples from changing (with respect to the exact chemical forms of the studied elements) between sample collection in the field and analysis in the laboratory.