How do TRIM21 and TRIM5α execute dual antiviral effector and signalling functions?

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We encounter millions of potential pathogens each day that must be detected and disarmed by the immune system. Recently, two antiviral proteins, present inside cells, were shown to both detect viruses, alerting neighbouring cells to the infection, and target the viruses for destruction. These two functions provide important protection against viral infection and this research aims to understand at a molecular level, how these dual antiviral functions are coordinated.