Soil-structure interaction in performance based design of bridges

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Bridge behaviour during an earthquake depends on the design of the superstructure and the effects of foundations and abutment embankments on the bridge. These effects are called soil-structure interaction effects. The best approach to predicting how the bridge will behave involves a very complicated analysis that includes bridge, foundation soils, foundations and abutments. As well as being complicated the analysis is very time-consuming and does not encourage studying the behavior of the bridge under different conditions. Therefore designers have adopted simple approximate ways of including the effects of foundations and abutments on the response of the bridge to earthquake shaking. The problem is that while these methods have some rational basis they have never been validated by comparing them with results from full scale analyses.