Green wireless internet: architectures, protocols, applications, and implementations

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In many parts of the world including Northern Canada, no utility grids are available so that conventional Internet access and mobile communications technologies such as 2G/3G may not be deployed due to the inability to power the required communications infrastructure. Communications and Internet access in these areas has to resort to satellites communications, which are expensive in terms of bandwidth per dollar, require higher power which translates to shorter device uptime, and specialized equipment that is relatively expensive and not commonly available to general population.