Attention: Selection in the domains of space, time and task

注意在行为和思想的组织以及现实世界的表现质量中起着关键作用。根据一种分类，注意力是由独立但相互作用的认知系统组成的，这些认知系统进行调节：定向、警觉和执行控制。通过整合这三个观点，我们建立了这种关注方法，但又脱离了这种方法：选择意味着忽视，选择可以自动控制（通过本能或习惯）或努力控制（通过有意的策略），选择可以发生在空间，时间和任务或资源分配领域。近年来，我们在注意力领域做出了重要的方法论、经验和理论上的进步，定向是注意力的一个组成部分，抑制回归是定向的一个组成部分，它鼓励人们关注新奇事物。介绍了我们在注意、定向和回报抑制方面的研究进展，并以此作为本研究的基础。我们的目标是：1)完善并提出一种改进的注意力分类法；2)更好地理解它所隐含的六种选择的运行特征；3)完善并提出我们为探索这些运行特征而开发的新方法；4)开发计算明确的模型或理论，说明选择是如何受内源性和外源性因素控制的。5)测试由我们的理论和建模努力产生的或由我们的经验发现激发的特定假设；6)应用我们的方法和认知过程的知识来帮助创造一个更美好、更安全、更健康的世界。我们将用于实现这些目标的主要方法是行为测量（在精心设计的，通常是双重任务的情况下的人类感知和表现），计算建模（例如，人工神经网络建模）以及最近的神经成像（主要是erp；但也有功能磁共振成像）。虽然这是个人发现资助申请，但“我们”这个词被刻意使用，因为我的助理、学员和我是一个团队，我们的成功依赖于智力合作、交叉培训和思想分享。

Attention plays a pivotal role in the organization of behavior and thought and in the quality of real-world performance. According to one taxonomy, attention it is composed of isolable but interacting cognitive systems that mediate: orienting, alertness and executive control. We build upon, and yet depart from this approach to attention, by integrating, these three ideas: selecting implies neglecting, selection can be controlled automatically (by instinct or habit) or effortfully (through intentional strategy) and selection can take place in the domains of space, time and task or resource allocation. In recent years, we have contributed important methodological, empirical and theoretical advances in the field of attention generally, to orienting which is a component of attention, and to inhibition of return, which is a component of orienting that is encourages attention to novelty. Our research progress on attention, orienting and inhibition of return is presented and used as a foundation for the proposed research. Our objectives are: 1) to refine and put forward an improved taxonomy of attention, 2) to better understand the operating characteristics of the six kinds of selection it implies, 3) to refine and put forward the novel methods we have developed for exploring these operating characteristics, 4) to develop computationally explicit models or theories of how selection is controlled by endogenous and exogenous factors, 5) to test specific hypotheses that arise out of our theoretical and modeling efforts or that are stimulated by our empirical discoveries, and 6) to apply our methods and knowledge of cognitive processes to help make a better, safer and healthier world. The primary methods that we will use to achieve these objectives are behavioral measurement (of human perception and performance in carefully designed, often dual task, situations), computational modeling (e.g., artificial neural network modeling) and, recently, neuroimaging (primarily ERPs; but also fMRI). Although this is an individual discovery grant application, "we" has been used deliberately because my RA and trainees and I are a team whose successes depend on intellectual collaboration, cross-training and the sharing of ideas.