Attention: Endogenously and exogenously controlled selection in the domains of space, time and activity

注意力在行为和思想的组织以及现实世界的表现质量中起着关键作用。根据一种分类法，注意力是由独立但相互作用的认知系统组成的，这些认知系统起着中介作用：定向、警觉和执行控制。这个研究计划建立在注意力的方法之上，但又与之不同，通过整合这三个观点：选择意味着忽视，选择可以自动控制（通过本能或习惯）或努力控制（通过有意策略），选择可以发生在空间，时间和活动领域。近年来，我们在注意力领域取得了重要的方法论、经验和理论进展，包括注意力的一个组成部分--定向，以及对返回的抑制，这是定向的一个组成部分，它鼓励对新奇事物的注意。本文介绍了我们在注意、定向和返回抑制方面的研究进展，并以此作为研究的基础。我们的目标范围从一般（努力改进指导我们研究的注意力分类）到具体（例如，测试我们的理论和建模工作中产生的特定假设，或由我们的经验发现激发的特定假设）。我们一直在寻找机会，应用我们的方法和认知过程的知识，以帮助建立一个更美好，更安全，更健康的世界。我们用来实现目标的主要方法是行为测量（在精心设计的，通常是双重任务的情况下，人类的感知和表现），计算建模（例如，人工神经网络建模）和最近的神经成像（主要是ERP;但也包括fMRI）。虽然这是一个个人的发现补助金申请，“我们”已经被故意使用，因为我的RA和学员和我是一个团队，其成功取决于智力合作，交叉培训和思想共享。

Attention plays a pivotal role in the organization of behavior and thought and in the quality of real-world performance. According to one taxonomy, attention it is composed of isolable but interacting cognitive systems that mediate: orienting, alertness and executive control. This program of research builds upon, and yet departs from this approach to attention, by integrating, these three ideas: selecting implies neglecting, selection can be controlled automatically (by instinct or habit) or effortfully (through intentional strategy) and selection can take place in the domains of space, time and activity. In recent years, we have contributed important methodological, empirical and theoretical advances in the field of attention generally, to orienting which is a component of attention, and to inhibition of return, which is a component of orienting that is encourages attention to novelty. Our research progress on attention, orienting and inhibition of return is presented and used as a foundation for the proposed research. Our objectives range from general (an effort to improve on the taxonomy of attention that guides our research) to specific (e.g. to test specific hypotheses that arise out of our theoretical and modeling efforts or that are stimulated by our empirical discoveries. We are always on the lookout for opportunities to apply our methods and knowledge of cognitive processes to help make a better, safer and healthier world. The primary methods that we use to achieve our objectives are behavioral measurement (of human perception and performance in carefully designed, often dual task, situations), computational modeling (e.g., artificial neural network modeling) and, recently, neuroimaging (primarily ERPs; but also fMRI). Although this is an individual discovery grant application, "we" has been used deliberately because my RA and trainees and I are a team whose successes depend on intellectual collaboration, cross-training and the sharing of ideas.