Attention: Endogenously and exogenously controlled selection in the domains of space, time and activity

注意力在行为和思维的组织以及真实世界的表现质量中起着关键作用。根据一种分类，注意力是由相互独立但相互作用的认知系统组成的，这些认知系统起着中介作用：定向、警觉和执行控制。这个研究项目建立在注意力方法的基础上，但又背离了这种方法，通过整合这三个概念：选择意味着忽略，选择可以自动(通过本能或习惯)或努力(通过有意的策略)控制，选择可以在空间、时间和活动领域发生。近年来，我们在注意领域取得了重要的方法论、实证和理论进展，其中定向是注意力的一个组成部分，返回抑制是定向的一个组成部分，它鼓励对新颖性的注意。介绍了我们在注意、定向和返回抑制方面的研究进展，并将其作为本研究的基础。我们的目标既有一般性的(努力改进指导我们研究的注意力分类)，也有具体的(例如，测试从我们的理论和建模努力中产生的特定假设，或者由我们的经验发现刺激的特定假设)。我们一直在寻找机会，应用我们的方法和认知过程的知识，帮助创造一个更美好、更安全、更健康的世界。我们用来实现我们的目标的主要方法是行为测量(在精心设计的、通常是双重任务的情况下对人类感知和表现的测量)、计算建模(例如，人工神经网络建模)以及最近的神经成像(主要是事件相关电位；但也有功能磁共振成像)。虽然这是一份个人探索基金申请，但“我们”是故意使用的，因为我的RA和受训者和我是一个成功依赖于智力合作、交叉培训和想法分享的团队。

Attention plays a pivotal role in the organization of behavior and thought and in the quality of real-world performance. According to one taxonomy, attention it is composed of isolable but interacting cognitive systems that mediate: orienting, alertness and executive control. This program of research builds upon, and yet departs from this approach to attention, by integrating, these three ideas: selecting implies neglecting, selection can be controlled automatically (by instinct or habit) or effortfully (through intentional strategy) and selection can take place in the domains of space, time and activity. In recent years, we have contributed important methodological, empirical and theoretical advances in the field of attention generally, to orienting which is a component of attention, and to inhibition of return, which is a component of orienting that is encourages attention to novelty. Our research progress on attention, orienting and inhibition of return is presented and used as a foundation for the proposed research. Our objectives range from general (an effort to improve on the taxonomy of attention that guides our research) to specific (e.g. to test specific hypotheses that arise out of our theoretical and modeling efforts or that are stimulated by our empirical discoveries. We are always on the lookout for opportunities to apply our methods and knowledge of cognitive processes to help make a better, safer and healthier world. The primary methods that we use to achieve our objectives are behavioral measurement (of human perception and performance in carefully designed, often dual task, situations), computational modeling (e.g., artificial neural network modeling) and, recently, neuroimaging (primarily ERPs; but also fMRI). Although this is an individual discovery grant application, "we" has been used deliberately because my RA and trainees and I are a team whose successes depend on intellectual collaboration, cross-training and the sharing of ideas.