Developing a mechanistic model for performance prediction of low grade and upgraded coals in various utilization technologies using advanced characreization techniques

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The demand for coal worldwide is expected to increase significantly over next two decades at least. This is pushing the utilization of low grade coals more and more. These low grade coals have one or more problematic properties such as high ash content or high moisture or high sulfur or high alkalis or all of these. There are a number of technologies to upgrade these coals. These can include evaporative drying (using waste heat) or non-evaporative drying (hydrothermal treatment or thermo-mechanical expression), removing minerals using conventional froth floatation or dry cleaning using air dense medium fluidized bed or using much more complex methods of chemical cleaning (solvent extraction) of complete ash removal using a strong acid/base wash dissolving almost all the ash or using organic solvent to dissolving all the organic matter and thus