Contributions to Building Smoke Management

加拿大每年平均发生6万起火灾，造成3300多人受伤和死亡，损失达12亿美元。吸入烟雾或有毒气体，而不是火灾烧伤，被认为是造成建筑物火灾死亡的主要原因。在火灾发生时，确定烟雾的运动方向，设计可靠的烟雾管理系统，防止烟雾堵塞疏散路线，对于高层建筑和空间较大的建筑，人员暴露在烟雾中的风险较高，具有重要意义。计算机模型是高层建筑烟雾管理不可缺少的工具，目前有三种不同精度和计算成本的计算机模型：网络模型、区域模型和计算流体动力学模型。目前，这些单独使用的模型都不能令人满意地执行快速的整体建筑分析，同时为大型或近火空间提供所需的准确性和详细的空间信息。因此，本研究旨在开发一种集成了网络和CFD火灾模型的公共领域集成计算机模型，以大大提高对整个建筑烟雾运动的分析。集成模型将对需要详细设计信息的空间使用CFD，并对建筑物的其余部分使用网络模型进行快速计算。本研究将增加一个能量方程求解器，使网络模型适合于火灾烟气传输的模拟。将确定一个最佳集成策略来解决两个模型的时间不一致。综合模型将根据文献中现有的全尺寸数据和在亚尺度测试设施的实验室实验进行验证，并进一步应用于实际的高层和摩天大楼。这项研究还将有助于更好地理解建筑烟雾传播的物理原理，并深入了解烟雾控制系统的性能。该研究将有助于设计更安全的建筑，减少生命和财产损失，并为HQP在加拿大建筑烟雾管理和消防中的未来角色提供培训。

The average annual fire incidents in Canada were around 60,000 with over 3,300 injuries and deaths, and a 1.2 billion dollar loss. Inhalation of smoke or toxic gases, rather than fire burns, is considered the major cause of fatality in building fires. It is of great importance to determine smoke movement and design a reliable smoke management system to prevent smoke from blocking evacuation route during a fire, especially for high-rise buildings and buildings with large spaces, where there is a higher risk that occupants will be exposed to smoke. Computer models are indispensable tools for high-rise building smoke management and three types of computer models are available at varying accuracy and computational cost: network, zone, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models. Presently, none of these models used individually can satisfactorily perform a fast whole-building analysis and simultaneously provide required accuracy and detailed spatial information for large or near-fire spaces. Therefore, this research aims to develop a public-domain integrated computer model, which integrates a network and a CFD fire model, to greatly improve whole-building analyses of smoke movement. The integrated model will use the CFD for spaces where detailed design information is required, and the network model for the rest of a building for fast computation. This study will add an energy equation solver to suit the network model to the simulations of fire smoke transport. A best integration strategy will be identified to resolve the temporal inconsistency of the two models. The integrated model will be validated against the existent full-scale data in the literature and by the laboratory experiments at a sub-scale test facility, and further applied to actual high-rise and skyscraper buildings. The research will also result in a better understanding of the physics of building smoke propagation and insights into the performance of smoke control systems. The research will contribute to designing safer buildings, reducing life and property losses, and training of HQP for their future roles in building smoke management and fire protection in Canada.