Understanding, Recovery and Management of Hydrogen Sulfide in High-temperature Shale Gas

页岩气储量超过30万亿立方米，将确保加拿大天然气的未来增长和可持续性，天然气是一种重要的低碳能源；然而，这种资源的生产需要专门的压裂和调节考虑。一些热页岩气藏在生产一段时间后，硫化氢含量会增加（高达500ppm），在销售前必须去除硫化氢和二氧化碳。从大量天然气中去除少量硫化氢并对后续的硫进行管理，这在商业天然气处理中并不常见，特别是当生产商不希望从流体的早期测试中获得硫化氢时。这项研究解决了有关压裂技术的化学性质和含低硫化氢的页岩气处理的多个问题。在高温页岩气生产条件下，将通过研究硫、硫酸盐和硫化物反应中涉及的化学物质的基本性质，了解硫化氢的来源、如何去除硫化氢以及如何处理后续的硫。高压水解反应和硫酸盐还原反应动力学将被研究，其中中间物质的表征将通过原位振动光谱和高压气相色谱进行。为了推断高储层和过程压力下的平衡关系，将确定反应物、生成物和确定的中间体的表观摩尔性质。所有测量都将在具有高压酸性流体研究独特能力的实验室进行，包括振动管密度测定、高压光谱（拉曼和红外）、高压酸性气体吸附和流变仪设备。

At over 30 trillion cubic metres of reserves, shale gas sources will ensure future growth and sustainability of Canadian natural gas, an important low carbon energy source; however, production of this resource requires specialised fracturing and conditioning considerations. Some hot-shale gas reservoirs will exhibit increased amounts of hydrogen sulfide (up to 500 ppm) after a period of production, where hydrogen sulfide plus carbon dioxide must be removed before sales. Removing small amounts of hydrogen sulfide and managing subsequent sulfur from large volumes of gas is not typical for commercial gas processing, particularly when producers do not expect hydrogen sulfide from the early testing of the fluids. This research addresses multiple questions regarding the chemistry of fracturing technologies and treatment of shale gas which contain low-levels of hydrogen sulfide. Understanding where this hydrogen sulfide comes from, how to remove it and how to deal with subsequent sulfur will be investigated through studying fundamental properties of chemical species involved in the reactions of sulfur, sulfate and sulfides under conditions applicable to the production of high-temperature shale gas. High-pressure hydrolysis reactions and sulfate reducing reaction kinetics will be investigated, where the characterisation of intermediate species will be carried out by in situ vibrational spectroscopy and high-pressure gas chromatography. Apparent molar properties for reactants, products and identified intermediates will be determined in order to extrapolate equilibrium relationships to high reservoir and process pressures. All measurements will be carried out in a laboratory with the unique capabilities in high-pressure sour fluid research, including vibration tube densimetry, high-pressure spectroscopy (Raman and IR), high-pressure sour gas adsorption and rheometry equipment.