Impact of Topography on Atmospheric Flow: Implications for weather, climate and human health

地形对大气流动的影响：对天气、气候和人类健康的影响

• 批准号: RGPIN-2014-05179
• 负责人: Moore, George
• 金额: $ 2.19万
• 依托单位: University of Toronto
• 依托单位国家: 加拿大
• 项目类别: Discovery Grants Program - Individual
• 财政年份: 2014
• 资助国家: 加拿大
• 起止时间: 2014-01-01 至 2015-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/ase-oro/Details-Detailles_eng.asp?id=566999
• 关键词: Impact; Topography; Atmospheric; Flow; Implications

The objective of my research program is to improve our understanding of the influence that topography has on weather, climate and human health; especially in polar regions. Mountains are of interest for a variety of reasons: they act as barriers to atmospheric flow that can impact the weather and climate in their immediate vicinity as well as downstream; the precipitation that falls on their slopes serves as a valuable source of water; their glaciers serve as important archives of past climate variability; indigenous persons and visitors to these regions experience a number of physiological stresses including hypothermia and hypoxia that are exacerbated by meteorological factors. In addition, polar and mountainous regions are both remote regions where data collection is a challenge and where our knowledge of atmospheric processes is limited. There is also evidence that these regions are experiencing accelerated climate change. A crucial and unique component of my research therefore involves data collection in mountainous and polar regions. My group uses this data along with other instrumental and paleoclimate datasets as well as numerical weather prediction models to improve our knowledge of the workings of the climate system and its impact on human health. 1) Mountain Meteorology In the past, my research focus in this area has been on the interpretation of climate signals in high elevation ice cores from Mount Logan in the Yukon and from Mount Shishapangma in the Himalaya. I have also participated in 3 field seasons that have yielded unique information on the weather conditions at high elevations on Mount Everest as well as on the atmospheric pathways through elevated levels of ozone reach the region. I propose to continue this work that will improve our knowledge of the climate signals in these ice cores. In addition, field work will be undertaken in the Mount Everest region that builds upon a pilot study that shows that climbers who experience Acute Mountain Sickness have biomarkers in their bloodstream for exposure to ozone that is of stratospheric origin. 2) Air-Sea Interaction and Topographically Forced Jets I have expanded my research in this area from a focus on Greenland into regions such as the Bering and Barents Seas as well as Madagascar where new topographically forced jets have been identified. In the upcoming grant cycle, I propose to exploit the very high spatial resolution of new Arctic reanalyses to improve our understanding of the role that the Bering and Barents Sea jets play in air-sea interaction and oceanographic circulations in these climatologically important marginal seas of the Arctic Ocean. I also propose to use the new high resolution global reanalyses to investigate the role that Madagascar flow distortion plays in modulating moisture transport into East Africa. I have also played a lead role in the identification of new low-level jets over Greenland that are the result of localized meridional thermal gradients arising from the cold and high surface of the ice sheet. I propose to explore the role that these jets play in transporting moisture to Greenland ice core sites. In addition, I will participate in a new atmospheric-oceanographic field project known as the Iceland Sea Project. The international scientific leadership of the very successful Greenland Flow Distortion Experiment, including myself as the Canadian representative, is involved in the planning of the project that is scheduled to take place during the winter of 2016. The campaign will focus on understanding the role that atmospheric processes play in forcing a new oceanographic pathway that contributes to the Denmark Strait Overflow Water and the lower limb of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation.

我的研究计划的目标是提高我们对地形对天气、气候和人类健康影响的理解；尤其是在极地地区。人们对山脉感兴趣的原因有很多：它们作为大气流动的屏障，可以影响其附近以及下游的天气和气候；落在山坡上的降水是宝贵的水源；它们的冰川是过去气候变化的重要档案；这些地区的土著居民和游客经历了许多生理压力，包括体温过低和缺氧，而气象因素又加剧了这些压力。此外，极地和山区都是偏远地区，在那里收集数据是一项挑战，而且我们对大气过程的了解有限。还有证据表明，这些地区正在经历加速的气候变化。因此，我的研究的一个关键和独特的组成部分涉及山区和极地地区的数据收集。我的团队将这些数据与其他仪器和古气候数据集以及数值天气预报模型一起使用，以提高我们对气候系统运作及其对人类健康影响的认识。过去，我在这一领域的研究重点一直是育空地区洛根山和喜马拉雅山脉什夏班马山高海拔冰芯气候信号的解释。我还参加了三个季节的实地考察，获得了关于珠穆朗玛峰高海拔地区天气状况的独特信息，以及通过臭氧水平升高到达该地区的大气路径。我建议继续这项工作，这将提高我们对这些冰芯中气候信号的认识。此外，将在珠穆朗玛峰地区开展实地工作，以一项初步研究为基础，该研究表明，患有急性高原病的登山者血液中有暴露于平流层臭氧的生物标志物。我已经将我在这一领域的研究从关注格陵兰岛扩展到白令海、巴伦支海以及马达加斯加等地区，在那里已经发现了新的地形强迫喷气机。在即将到来的拨款周期中，我建议利用新的北极再分析的非常高的空间分辨率来提高我们对白令海和巴伦支海喷流在这些具有重要气候意义的北冰洋边缘海的海气相互作用和海洋环流中所起作用的理解。我还建议使用新的高分辨率全球再分析来研究马达加斯加流畸变在调节水汽输送到东非中所起的作用。我还在确定格陵兰岛上空新的低空急流方面发挥了主导作用，这些急流是由冰盖的冷表面和高表面产生的局部经向热梯度造成的。我建议探索这些喷流在向格陵兰冰芯输送水分方面所起的作用。此外，我将参加一个新的大气-海洋学领域的项目，被称为冰岛海项目。非常成功的格陵兰水流扭曲实验的国际科学领导，包括我作为加拿大代表，参与了计划于2016年冬季进行的项目的规划。该活动将侧重于了解大气过程在形成丹麦海峡溢水和大西洋经向翻转环流下端的新海洋学路径中所起的作用。