Biodiversity, biogeography, and conservation of freshwater fishes

生物多样性、生物地理学和淡水鱼类保护

• 批准号: RGPIN-2014-05226
• 负责人: Mandrak, Nicholas
• 金额: $ 1.97万
• 依托单位: University of Toronto
• 依托单位国家: 加拿大
• 项目类别: Discovery Grants Program - Individual
• 财政年份: 2014
• 资助国家: 加拿大
• 起止时间: 2014-01-01 至 2015-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/ase-oro/Details-Detailles_eng.asp?id=567028
• 关键词: Biodiversity; biogeography; conservation; freshwater; fishes

Freshwater fishes are among the most imperiled taxa in the world. Over 30% of freshwater fishes in North America, and over 25% in Canada, are of conservation concern. The primary current stressors related to imperilment are habitat alteration and destruction, and aquatic invasive species. While native species are declining, aquatic invasive species (AIS) are spreading in North America. These trends are expected to be exacerbated in the future by stressors such as climate change and human population growth. Biotic homogenization - the increasing similarity of communities across the landscape and the globe - is a result of these trends and is an indicator of biodiversity loss. The objective of my research program is to better understand the patterns, processes, and stressors of Canadian freshwater fishes at multiple taxonomic and geographic scales. Such knowledge is essential for the conservation, protection, and recovery of freshwater fish biodiversity in Canada. Patterns of freshwater fish biodiversity will be examined at the scales of Canada and the Laurentian Great Lakes and their watersheds and tributaries. Overall richness and community patterns will be examined using data from a soon-to-be published national fish atlas, an online Great Lakes fish atlas, and unpublished and newly collected fish distribution data for southern Ontario tributaries. The historical (postglacial history, phylogeny) and environmental processes (abiotic, biotic) that structured those patterns will be identified using a variety of statistical techniques. In addition, the human stressors that currently influence the biodiversity patterns will also be examined. To determine how well Canada’s existing network of protected areas actually protect freshwater fish biodiversity, a gap analysis will be undertaken that overlays biodiversity and protected areas layers. This gap analysis will identify fish species and communities in need of additional protection. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms of interactions between native freshwater fishes and fish AIS, their history of co-occurrence in the Great Lakes will be examined. Based on recently published book chapters, species lists for each Great Lake will be reconstructed by decade from pre-1870 to 2010 and used to examine the history of native species loss and AIS invasion. This will facilitate testing of many of the hypotheses related to the establishment and impact of AIS (e.g. biotic resistance, niche overlap). These hypotheses will be tested through multivariate analyses of ecological and life-history traits to examine trait space changes over time. The proposed research includes several novel components. Analyses that examine the influence of history, environment, phylogeny, and stressors on freshwater fishes have not been conducted comprehensively for Canada or the Great Lakes. Gap analyses to evaluate how well freshwater fishes are protected by protected areas have not been published for Canada or the Great Lakes. The decadal Great Lakes database provides a unique opportunity to test invasion theory hypotheses and species homogenization over an extended time periods.

淡水鱼是世界上最危险的类群之一。北美超过30%的淡水鱼和加拿大超过25%的淡水鱼受到保护。目前与濒危有关的主要应激源是栖息地改变和破坏以及水生入侵物种。虽然本土物种正在减少，但水生入侵物种(AIS)正在北美蔓延。预计这些趋势在未来将因气候变化和人口增长等压力因素而加剧。生物同质化是这些趋势的结果，也是生物多样性丧失的一个指标。我的研究计划的目的是更好地了解加拿大淡水鱼在多个分类和地理尺度上的模式、过程和压力源。这些知识对加拿大淡水鱼生物多样性的养护、保护和恢复至关重要。将在加拿大和劳伦斯五大湖及其流域和支流的尺度上研究淡水鱼生物多样性的模式。将使用即将出版的国家鱼类地图集、在线五大湖鱼类地图集以及未出版和新收集的安大略省南部支流的鱼类分布数据来研究总体丰富度和群落格局。将使用各种统计技术确定构成这些模式的历史(冰后历史、系统发生)和环境过程(非生物、生物)。此外，还将研究目前影响生物多样性格局的人类应激源。为了确定加拿大现有的保护区网络实际保护淡水鱼生物多样性的程度，将进行覆盖生物多样性和保护区层面的差距分析。这一差距分析将确定需要额外保护的鱼类物种和群落。为了阐明本地淡水鱼和鱼类人工智能之间相互作用的潜在机制，我们将研究它们在五大湖中共同出现的历史。根据最近出版的书籍章节，每个大湖的物种名单将按十年重建，从1870年前到2010年，并用于审查当地物种丧失和AIS入侵的历史。这将有助于检验与人工智能系统的建立和影响有关的许多假设(例如，生物抗性、生态位重叠)。这些假说将通过对生态和生活史特征的多变量分析来检验，以检查特征空间随时间的变化。拟议的研究包括几个新的组成部分。加拿大或五大湖尚未全面分析历史、环境、系统发育和应激源对淡水鱼的影响。加拿大或五大湖尚未发表评估受保护区保护淡水鱼情况的GAP分析。十年五大湖数据库提供了一个独特的机会来检验入侵理论假说和较长时间内的物种同质化。