Biodiversity, biogeography, and conservation of freshwater fishes

生物多样性、生物地理学和淡水鱼类保护

• 批准号: RGPIN-2014-05226
• 负责人: Mandrak, Nicholas
• 金额: $ 1.97万
• 依托单位: University of Toronto
• 依托单位国家: 加拿大
• 项目类别: Discovery Grants Program - Individual
• 财政年份: 2015
• 资助国家: 加拿大
• 起止时间: 2015-01-01 至 2016-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/ase-oro/Details-Detailles_eng.asp?id=588283
• 关键词: Biodiversity; biogeography; conservation; freshwater; fishes

Freshwater fishes are among the most imperiled taxa in the world. Over 30% of freshwater fishes in North America, and over 25% in Canada, are of conservation concern. The primary current stressors related to imperilment are habitat alteration and destruction, and aquatic invasive species. While native species are declining, aquatic invasive species (AIS) are spreading in North America. These trends are expected to be exacerbated in the future by stressors such as climate change and human population growth. Biotic homogenization - the increasing similarity of communities across the landscape and the globe - is a result of these trends and is an indicator of biodiversity loss. The objective of my research program is to better understand the patterns, processes, and stressors of Canadian freshwater fishes at multiple taxonomic and geographic scales. Such knowledge is essential for the conservation, protection, and recovery of freshwater fish biodiversity in Canada. Patterns of freshwater fish biodiversity will be examined at the scales of Canada and the Laurentian Great Lakes and their watersheds and tributaries. Overall richness and community patterns will be examined using data from a soon-to-be published national fish atlas, an online Great Lakes fish atlas, and unpublished and newly collected fish distribution data for southern Ontario tributaries. The historical (postglacial history, phylogeny) and environmental processes (abiotic, biotic) that structured those patterns will be identified using a variety of statistical techniques. In addition, the human stressors that currently influence the biodiversity patterns will also be examined. To determine how well Canada’s existing network of protected areas actually protect freshwater fish biodiversity, a gap analysis will be undertaken that overlays biodiversity and protected areas layers. This gap analysis will identify fish species and communities in need of additional protection. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms of interactions between native freshwater fishes and fish AIS, their history of co-occurrence in the Great Lakes will be examined. Based on recently published book chapters, species lists for each Great Lake will be reconstructed by decade from pre-1870 to 2010 and used to examine the history of native species loss and AIS invasion. This will facilitate testing of many of the hypotheses related to the establishment and impact of AIS (e.g. biotic resistance, niche overlap). These hypotheses will be tested through multivariate analyses of ecological and life-history traits to examine trait space changes over time. The proposed research includes several novel components. Analyses that examine the influence of history, environment, phylogeny, and stressors on freshwater fishes have not been conducted comprehensively for Canada or the Great Lakes. Gap analyses to evaluate how well freshwater fishes are protected by protected areas have not been published for Canada or the Great Lakes. The decadal Great Lakes database provides a unique opportunity to test invasion theory hypotheses and species homogenization over an extended time periods.

淡水鱼类是世界上最濒危的类群之一。北美超过30%的淡水鱼和加拿大超过25%的淡水鱼受到保护。目前与濒危相关的主要压力源是栖息地的改变和破坏以及水生入侵物种。虽然本地物种正在减少，但水生入侵物种（AIS）正在北美蔓延。预计这些趋势今后将因气候变化和人口增长等压力因素而加剧。生物同质化-整个景观和地球仪上的群落越来越相似-是这些趋势的结果，也是生物多样性丧失的一个指标。我的研究计划的目的是更好地了解加拿大淡水鱼在多个分类和地理尺度的模式，过程和压力。这些知识对于加拿大淡水鱼生物多样性的养护、保护和恢复至关重要。将在加拿大和劳伦特五大湖及其流域和支流的尺度上审查淡水鱼生物多样性的格局。总体丰富度和社区模式将使用即将出版的国家鱼类地图集，在线五大湖鱼类地图集，以及未发表和新收集的鱼类分布数据，为南部安大略支流的数据进行检查。将使用各种统计技术来确定构成这些模式的历史（冰后期历史、冰成史）和环境过程（非生物、生物）。此外，还将审查目前影响生物多样性格局的人类压力因素。为了确定加拿大现有的保护区网络实际保护淡水鱼生物多样性的程度，将进行一项覆盖生物多样性和保护区层的差距分析。这一差距分析将确定需要额外保护的鱼类物种和群落。为了阐明本地淡水鱼和鱼类AIS之间的相互作用的基本机制，他们的共同出现在五大湖的历史将被检查。根据最近出版的书籍章节，每个大湖的物种名单将从1870年前到2010年重建十年，并用于检查本地物种损失和AIS入侵的历史。这将有助于检验与AIS的建立和影响有关的许多假设（例如生物抗性、生态位重叠）。这些假设将通过对生态和生活史特征的多变量分析来检验，以研究特征空间随时间的变化。 拟议的研究包括几个新的组成部分。没有对加拿大或五大湖进行全面的分析，研究历史、环境、繁殖和压力对淡水鱼的影响。加拿大或五大湖尚未公布评估保护区对淡水鱼类保护程度的差距分析。年代际五大湖数据库提供了一个独特的机会，测试入侵理论假说和物种同质化在一个较长的时间段。