Biological convertor of hydrogen to electricity for integration of renewable power to the grid

诺贝尔奖得主理查德•斯莫利（Richard Smalley）表示：“能源是人类面临的最大挑战。”能源问题主要有两个方面：(1)环境方面。温室气体和其他大气污染物的排放令人非常关注。(2)常规能源的可获得性和能源安全。解决这些问题最有希望的方法之一是使用可再生能源。后者的最大问题之一，尤其是风能和太阳能，是时间上的显著变化。利用氢作为能量储存介质是平滑和储存电能最有前途的方法之一。不幸的是，在生产和储存氢气之后，目前还没有成熟的技术将其转化为电能。PI实验室开发并获得专利的一项将氢转化为电的全新技术，可以消除氢基储能的瓶颈，并使可再生能源发电变得平滑。这项新技术被命名为生物发电机，是第一个可行的发电生物技术。它是基于利用化学岩石自养微生物作为生物电化学发电的电-生物催化剂。所使用的微生物，嗜铁钩端螺旋体，是从一个废弃的金矿和铜矿中分离出来的。生物发电机是最环保的发电技术之一，它的二氧化碳排放量非常低，在某些条件下甚至是负的。拟议的项目与生物发电机的能源效率和资本成本的显著提高有关。能源效率将通过开发一种新的微生物联盟来提高，用于将氢转化为电。微生物将在低温和高酸度条件下工作。它们将从源自活火山遗址的酸性水流中获得。由于微生物的原始来源从未被用于发电，我们希望获得该财团独特的微生物特性。微生物将从两个火山遗址获得：阿根廷巴塔哥尼亚的科帕韦火山和日本的草松shirane火山。通过合成一种不含贵金属催化剂的用于氢氧化的阳极电催化剂，可以降低生物发生器的投资成本。目前，铂基电催化剂是生物发电机中最昂贵的部件之一。这种非贵金属电催化剂不仅可以降低生物发电机的投资成本，而且还可以使用含有各种污染物的“脏”氢作为燃料。由于这个项目的成功完成，生物发电机的商业潜力将大大增加。

According to the Nobel laureate Richard Smalley, "energy is the single greatest challenge facing humanity". The energy problem has two main aspects: (1) Environmental aspect. Greenhouse gases and other atmospheric pollutant emissions are of great concern. (2) The availability of conventional energy sources and energy security. Among the most promising ways to solve these problems is the use of renewable energy sources. Among the biggest problems of the latter, especially wind and solar, is the significant variability in time. One of the most promising ways to smooth and store electrical energy is by using hydrogen as an energy storage medium. After producing and storing hydrogen, unfortunately there is currently no developed technology to convert it back to electrical power. A fundamentally new technology for the conversion of hydrogen to electricity, developed and patented in the laboratory of the PI, allows to eliminate that bottlenecks in the hydrogen-based energy storage and smoothing of renewable power generation. The proposed novel technology named Biogenerator, is the first viable bio-technology for electrical power generation. It is based on the use of chemolithoautotrophic microorganisms as an electro-bio-catalyst for the bioelectrochemical electricity production. The microorganism used, Leptospirillum ferriphilum, was isolated from natural source - an abandoned gold and copper mine. The Biogenerator is one of the most environmentally-friendly power generation technologies, which has very low, and under certain conditions, even negative carbon dioxide emissions. The proposed project is related to the significant improvement of both the energy efficiency and the capital cost of the Biogenerator. The energy efficiency will be increased by developing a new microbial consortium for the conversion of hydrogen to electricity. The microorganisms will work at low temperature and high level of acidity. They will be obtained from acidic water streams originating from active volcanic sites. We are expecting to obtain unique microbiological characteristics of the consortium because of the original source of microorganisms, which has never been exploited before for electrical power generation. The microorganisms will be obtained from two volcanic sites: the Copahue volcano in Patagonia, Argentina and Kusatsu-Shirane volcano in Japan. The decrease in the capital cost of the Biogenerator will be achieved by synthesizing a anodic electrocatalysts for the hydrogen oxidation which will contain no noble-metal catalyst. Currently, the platinum-based electrocatalyst is one of the most expensive components of the Biogenerator. The non-noble electrocatalyst will allow not only to decrease the capital cost of the Biogenerator, but also will allow the use of “dirty” hydrogen, containing various pollutants, as a fuel. As a result of the successful completion of this project, the commercial potential of the Biogenerator will be increased significantly.