The role of estrogen receptors in cardiovascular function

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Estrogens are a family of hormones that have complex effects on the heart. Part of the complexity can be attributed to the existence of three estrogen receptors (ER) (ER-alpha, ER-beta, and GPR30). In some cases the activation of these receptors can produce opposing functional effects. The objectives of our research program are to determine the how each ER affects heart function, and to determine their intracellular mechanisms of action. Heart function differs between males and females, and a reason for these differences may be the way ER control the heart. Our first objective is to determine how male and female mice respond to ER activation, and determine the intracellular mechanisms of action. These experiments look at whole heart function by echocardiography, and investigate the molecular changes induced by each ER. These studies will provide insight into differences in ER physiology between males and females, and in females throughout the estrus cycle. Phytoestrogens are plant-based compounds that are becoming increasingly prevalent in animal diets. Up to 25% of human infants are fed soy based formula that is rich in phytoestrogens, and many pet foods are supplemented with soy products. Finally, the vast majority of the world's soybean crops are processed and used as feed for food animals. Despite the widespread and increasing consumption of phytoestrogens by a number of animal species, little is known about the effects of these compounds on cardiac physiology, or their mechanisms of action. The effects of phytoestrogens can be opposite to that of animal estrogens, suggesting distinct mechanisms of action. Our second objective is to investigate the impact of dietary phytoestrogens on whole heart function by echocardiography and cardiac catheterization, and to identify intracellular mechanisms of action by examining intracellular signaling pathways and cardiac muscle cell modifications. These studies will provide information about the effects of phytoestrogens on heart physiology, and the potential impact these compounds have on laboratory and food animals, as well as humans.