Large lake hydrodynamics and mixing

五大湖拥有世界上20%的淡水。4000万人口将水用于饮用、废物处理、运输、娱乐、农业、渔业、发电和工业。对这一资源的过度需求导致了43个关注区的水质严重受损，并实施了补救行动计划（自1989年以来超过10亿美元）。 湖泊修复和管理的一个基本方面是需要了解水的运动，以分配营养物质和氧气，入侵物种，鱼苗，污染物和沉积物的运输。这些动力学的复杂性很难理解，也很难通过计算建模，因为大量的耦合过程作用于从> 100公里（平均环流）到<1厘米（湍流）的尺度上，必须采取简化策略。几十年的研究使人们对大型湖泊中发生的大规模环流模式有了了解。然而，仍然存在重大的知识差距： a）大型湖泊中的平均水流如何、何时、何地产生湍流混合？ B）湍流混合如何导致物质通过大湖盆的输送？ c）大型湖泊中可能受污染的沉积物将在何时何地重新悬浮？ d）我们能否用计算湖泊管理模型准确地再现混合/运输过程？ 该研究计划的目标是产生知识，高素质的毕业生和建模工具，这将有助于回答这些问题，更好地管理我们的淡水资源和世界其他大型湖泊地区的淡水资源。通过这个研究项目，4名博士生和5名硕士生将接受加拿大咨询行业和政府机构所需的工程和专业技能培训。

The Great Lakes contain 20% of the world's fresh surface water. The water is used for drinking, waste disposal, transportation, recreation, agriculture, fisheries, power generation and industry by a population of 40 million people. Excessive demands on this resource, have resulted in 43 Areas of Concern where water quality is severely compromised and Remedial Action Plans have been implemented (>$1 billion since 1989). A fundamental aspect of lake remediation and management is a need to understand the motion of the water acting to distribute nutrients and oxygen, invasive species, fish larvae, and transport of contaminants and sediments. The complexity of these dynamics is difficult to comprehend and model computationally, because a vast number of coupled processes are acting over scales ranging from >100s of km (mean circulation) to <1 cm (turbulence), and simplifying strategies must be adopted. Decades of research have led to an understanding of the large-scale circulation patterns occurring in large lakes. However, significant knowledge gaps remain: a) How, when and where is turbulent mixing generated from the mean flow in large lakes? b) How does turbulent mixing lead to mass transport through a large lake basin? c) When and where will there be re-suspension of potentially contaminated sediments in large lakes? d) Can we accurately reproduce the mixing/transport processes with computational lake management models? The objective of this research program is to produce the knowledge, highly qualified graduates, and modeling tools that will help answer these questions and better manage our fresh water resources and those of other large lake regions worldwide. Through this research program, 4 PhD and 5 Masters students will be trained in the engineering and professional skills needed by Canada's consulting industry and government agencies.