Advanced materials development for safer energy pipelines

在要求金属暴露在化学环境中的工业应用中，由腐蚀导致的材料结构完整性的损害是一个常见的问题。根据金属在使用中的工业用途，存在不同形式的腐蚀，根据暴露环境的不同，有些腐蚀可能比其他腐蚀更有害；例如，与完全暴露在裸露的合金表面上的均匀腐蚀相比，局部腐蚀发生在闭塞区域(即垫圈下)。由于其隐蔽性，局部腐蚀可能很难识别，腐蚀速度通常只是估计，因为活跃腐蚀区域的电化学性质很难测量。在石油和天然气工业中，最具破坏性的局部腐蚀形式是应力腐蚀破裂(SCC)，它发生在承受外加应力的管道中，同时暴露在腐蚀性化学环境中。SCC对管道退化的影响将通过实验复制加拿大在役管道上预期的应力和化学环境的组合来进行研究。将利用Nova化学公司(卡尔加里AB和萨尼亚)和西部大学(伦敦)的实验资源来实现这一目标。来自以前在役管道的实验样品将由NOVA进行加工。西部大学的研究人员将使用西部表面科学公司和地球科学系提供的先进表面分析技术来表征钢的成分和微观结构。Nova随后将使用机械测试系统施加应力负载，同时在模拟地下水的预分析表面上监测电化学条件。在化学/机械暴露后，WESTERN的研究人员将重新检查预先分析的腐蚀表面，以确定哪些微观结构特性最容易引发和扩展应力引起的裂缝。量化不同商业钢微结构的SCC降解率将有助于开发加拿大更安全的能源管道基础设施所需的新合金设计。

Compromise of a material's structural integrity caused by corrosion is a common problem in industrial applications that require metals to be exposed to chemical environments. Depending on the metal's industrial in-service use, different forms of corrosion exist and, depending on the exposure environment, some may be more deleterious than others; for example, corrosion localized within an occluded region (i.e., under gaskets) compared to uniform corrosion on an entirely exposed alloy surface. Because of its insidious nature, localized corrosion may be difficult to identify and corrosion rates are usually only estimates since the electrochemical properties of the actively corroding region are difficult to measure. Within the oil and gas industry the most damaging form of localized corrosion is Stress-Corrosion Cracking (SCC), which is encountered in pipelines that are subjected to an applied stress while exposed to a corrosive chemical environment. SCC's impact on pipeline degradation will be investigated by replicating experimentally the combination of stress and chemical environments anticipated on in-service pipelines in Canada. Experimental resources from NOVA Chemicals (Calgary AB and Sarnia ON) and Western University (London ON) will be utilized to pursue this goal. The machining of experimental samples from previously in-service pipelines will be performed by NOVA. Researchers at Western University will characterize steel compositions and microstructures using the advanced surface analytical techniques available at Surface Science Western and in the Department of Earth Sciences. NOVA will then apply a stress load using a mechanical testing system while simultaneously monitoring the electrochemical conditions, on the pre-analyzed surface, in simulated groundwater. After chemical/mechanical exposure, researchers at Western will re-examine the pre-analyzed corroded surface to determine which microstructural properties are most susceptible to the initiation and growth of stress-induced cracks. Quantification of SCC degradation rates for different commercial steel microstructures will facilitate the development of the new alloy designs required for a safer energy pipeline infrastructure in Canada.