Synthesis of Isotopically Labelled Natural and Unnatural Amino Acids

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Isotopically labelled natural and unnatural amino acids are widely used in a range of bioorganic chemical studies, such as the mechanistic studies of many enzymes and various biochemical processes. In addition, their incorporation into peptides and proteins can be useful in the investigation of proteins at the atomic level and deuterated compounds are also widely used as references in mass-spectrometry as internal standards. Isotopically labelled amino acids are also used in structural genomics, the use of biomolecular NMR to study protein structure and function relies heavily on the use of stable isotope labeled proteins. In order to incorporate the stable isotope label into these proteins, researchers use labeled amino acids in a variety of methods that include peptide synthesis, cell-free protein synthesis, and microbial growth by media. Labeled amino acids provide the ability to incorporate 13C, 15N, and/or deuterium labels into the protein.