Next generation optical transmission systems and technologies for the data center Centric Internet

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Global IP traffic continues to grow. A significant portion of future growth will come via mobile platforms, namely smart phones and tablets. Applications driving requirements for increased capacity include (i) video streaming services, (ii) cloud based storage and services, and (iii) machine-to-machine applications. Most Internet traffic has originated or terminated in data centers (DCs) since 2008, when peer-to-peer traffic ceased to dominate the Internet application space. As a result DC transmission systems are experiencing unprecedented increases in traffic. Since 2013 intra-DC traffic has grown by 80% and because 75% of the data that involves a DC stays within the DC, the compound annual growth rates for the next three years are projected to be 24%. To meet this growth optical transmission systems that deliver bit rates of 400 Gb/s and 1.6 Tb/s