Low Cost Water Filtration Technology for Small Communities

适用于小型社区的低成本水过滤技术

• 批准号: RGPIN-2015-05864
• 负责人: Husain, Tahir
• 金额: $ 1.6万
• 依托单位: Memorial University of Newfoundland
• 依托单位国家: 加拿大
• 项目类别: Discovery Grants Program - Individual
• 财政年份: 2016
• 资助国家: 加拿大
• 起止时间: 2016-01-01 至 2017-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/ase-oro/Details-Detailles_eng.asp?id=613791
• 关键词: Low; Cost; Water; Filtration; Technology

Chlorination is a primary method of disinfection of water supplies worldwide. The presence of natural natural organic matters (NOM), also known as "DBP precursors", react with the residual chlorine and form various types of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in the drinking water systems. More than 500 DBPs have been reported in the scientific literature but the trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) are the two largest groups of DBPs in chlorinated water. Long term exposure to DBPs at levels higher than the specified regulatory limit is harmful to human health. In Newfoundland and Labrador, about 25% of the water supply systems have higher level of THMs and 40% have higher level of HAAs than the levels defined by Health Canada. Although there are several treatment technologies available to reduce DBPs in drinking water,most are not economically feasible and difficult to operate in small communities. This research will focus on the development of affordable and easier to operate filtration technology to remove precursors from intake water and improve drinking water quality in small and rural communities. The developed technology will be applicable to water utilities where chlorine is used as a disinfectant. Low cost adsorbent will be extracted from carbon rich waste such as oil fly ash generated as a result of burning of crude oil and heavy fuel oil to meet the growing energy demands.  Oil fly ash (OFA) usually contains 85-90% of unburned carbon by weight. It also contains metals such as nickel and vanadium and other impurities with potential environmental hazards and risk to human health and ecosystems. This research aims to develop new methods to extract clean carbon from OFA which will not only help in reducing risk and waste volume significantly  but it will also convert waste into valuable products. The research will develop more cost-effective and environmentally sound technology to extract carbon. The research also aims to improve the quality of the extracted clean carbon through different methods of cleaning and activation processes. The research will also focus on improving surface area, porosity, and hardness of the materials for filtration technology. Both batch and column tests will be conducted and isotherms will be developed to help in assessing removal efficiency of NOM, color, and other impurities from  intake sources in various communities. Regeneration of used carbon, leaching test, and integration of filtration technology into the existing water systems at affordable cost and easy to operate and maintain systems will also be investigated. The proposed study will support Canada to achieve its environmental and sustainability mandates. It will also train highly qualified personnel (HQP) in sustainable waste management and in the development of affordable filtration technology to reduce DBPs in the drinking water in small and rural communities.

氯化是全世界供水消毒的主要方法。天然有机物（NOM）的存在，也称为“DBP前体”，会与饮用水系统中的余氯发生反应，形成各种类型的消毒副产物（DBP）。 科学文献中已报道了 500 多种 DBP，但三卤甲烷 (THM) 和卤乙酸 (HAAs) 是氯化水中最大的两类 DBP。长期接触高于规定水平的 DBP 监管限制对人体健康有害。 在纽芬兰和拉布拉多，大约 25% 的供水系统的 THM 水平高于加拿大卫生部规定的水平，40% 的供水系统的 HAA 水平高于加拿大卫生部规定的水平。尽管有多种处理技术可用于减少饮用水中的 DBP，但大多数技术在经济上不可行，并且难以在小社区中实施。 这项研究将重点开发负担得起且更易于操作的过滤技术，以去除进水中的前体并改善小型和农村社区的饮用水质量。开发的技术将适用于使用氯作为消毒剂的自来水公司。低成本吸附剂将从富含碳的废物中提取，例如燃烧原油和重质燃料油产生的油飞灰，以满足不断增长的能源需求。  油飞灰 (OFA) 通常含有 85-90% 的未燃烧碳（按重量计）。它还含有镍、钒等金属以及其他对环境有潜在危害以及对人类健康和生态系统构成风险的杂质。这项研究旨在开发从 OFA 中提取清洁碳的新方法，这不仅有助于显着降低风险和废物量，而且还可以将废物转化为有价值的产品。该研究将开发更具成本效益且对环境无害的技术来提取碳。 该研究还旨在通过不同的清洁和活化过程方法来提高提取的清洁碳的质量。该研究还将侧重于提高过滤技术材料的表面积、孔隙率和硬度。将进行批量和柱测试，并开发等温线，以帮助评估不同社区摄入源中 NOM、颜色和其他杂质的去除效率。还将研究用过的碳的再生、浸出测试以及以可承受的成本和易于操作和维护的系统将过滤技术集成到现有水系统中。 拟议的研究将支持加拿大实现其环境和可持续发展任务。它还将培训可持续废物管理和开发负担得起的过滤技术方面的高素质人员 (HQP)，以减少小型和农村社区饮用水中的 DBP。